Question

Methods Sample and Data This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study us ing three data sources. We used the Penn Multi-State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Survey (2006-2007) of a substantial random sample of registered nurses (RNs in California, Flonda, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania for hospital measures of nurse work environment, nurse staffing, and nurse education. Details about the nurse survey have been presented elsewhere.7.16 Measures of hos pital structural Med Care. Authoe manacrige;available in PMC 3016Juury 01 Ma et al. Page 3 charactcristics (e.g.. ownership and hospital size) were obtained from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey. We included adult nonfederal acute care hospitals with 50 or more annual surgical discharges of study interest and at least 10 RNs providing direct in patient careur sample included 528 hospitals in four states with an average of 48 nurse respondents per hospital We obtained patient informaion from the Medicare Provider and Analysis Review File (MedPAR) and incduded patients hospitalized for a diagnostic relaed group (DRG) classification of general,orthopedic, or vascular surgery from July 2006 to June 2007 Patients were excluded if they were age 90 or older, died during hospitalization, were transferred from or out to other hospitals, or were discharged on the same day or against medical advice. To avoid double counting an admis sion as index admis sion and readmis sion, only admissions beyond 30 days from the previous discharge were considered eligible index admission. Admissions followed by hospitalization for rehabilitation (DRO 462) within 30 days of discharge were excluded. For patients that had more than one qualified surgery during our obscrvation period, a single index admission was randomly selected in order to ensure statistical independence of observations. Our final sample included 220914 patients.

• What kind of methods were used to obtain the sample? Probability or non-probability? (one paragraph)

Answer 1

Answer :

Probability sampling :

• In above data ,the patients are about 2,20,914 .so if We Use probability sampling technique We will get results very quickly , We need not survey entire population and it will take less time and budget also less and it is easy For the researcher to analysis .
• Probability sampling : probability sampling( or retrospective sampling) is most commonly associated with survey based research strategies where you need to make inferences from your sample about a population to answer your research questions or to meet your objectives .
• Each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection
• Every element is selected independently of every other element .
• Four stages of probability sampling :
• Identify a suitable sampling frame based on your research question or objectives .
• Decide on suitable sample size .
• Select the most appropriate sampling technique and select the sample
• Check that the sample is representative of the population

Types of probability sampling :

1. Simple random
2. Systematic
3. Stratified random
4. Cluster
5. Multi stage