Question

Identify the three classes of medications used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. (antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates) used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, and the effects of these medications on the brain and give examples of the medications. (Choose one medication out of each category)

2. Explain the symptoms associated with extrapyramidal symptoms of antipsychotic drugs. Explain the rationale for free periods with antipsychotic medication at high risk for EPS symptoms.

3. Identify the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Contrast and compare the five most common degenerative CNS diseases according to risk populations, signs and symptoms, and current therapies

4. Explain the major characteristics of abuse, dependence, tolerance, and approaches for treatment in the following drug classes: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, sedatives, and opioids.   Contrast and compare drug abuse, drug dependence, and drug tolerance.

Answer 1

Answer1.

Antidepressants are the drugs used to treat depression and the symptoms related to depression, they don't cause addiction without xhangcha personality.

Examples of antidepressants are:

SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

* Citalopram *Fluixetine *Sertraline.

TCA- Tricyclic antidepressants.

*Amitriptyline * imipramine

Effect of Sertraline - it is the class of medication belongs to SSRIs group mainly used in treating depression,OCD,etc.

It works by balancing chemicals in the brain , in brain it increases serotonin level , with increased serotonin it helps in alleviating obsessive compulsive disorders, depression , panic attacks,etc.

Benzodiazapine are the drug used to treat various disorders such as insomnia and anxiety.

Examples are:-

*Alprazolam * diazepam * chlordiazepoxide

Effect of alprazolam on brain

It is a class of benzodiazapine drug, it act on the GABA receptors of brain , while taking it increases the GABA function/activities in the brain which causes calm to the brain and helps in sleeping.

Barbiturates are the drug used to treat seizures,insomnia and headache, they are CNS depressant.it reduces the function of muscle relaxant nerves , all barbiturates interact with gamma aminobutyric acid , which is used in communication.

Examples are:

*Secobarbital * phenobarbital

Effect of phenobarbital on brain:

It is the group of deudr called barbital , it is used to treat fits / epilepsy, and also stabilizes electrical functions in the brain.it cure epilepsy by controlling excessive activity in the brain, it works by interference of various neurotransmitter in the brain, phenobarbital decrease the activity of glutamate in the brain and increase the work of GABA( gamma aminobutyric acid).

Answer 2.

Extrapyramidal symptoms are also called side effects produced by psychoactive drugs, examples are,

Acute dyskinesia

Dyskinesia are the involuntary movements of muscles,like,chorea .

Dystonic reaction

It is the continuous contraction of muscle , abnormal posture, repetitive movements, patient with this disorder have pain and can occur at any part of body.

tardive dyskinesia

It is the involuntary movements of facial muscles such as stiffness of neck, jaw , also jerky movement difficult to control.

akinesia

It is defined as the inability of moving parts of body voluntarily.

neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

It is the adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs and a life threatening condition that may cause fever, rigidity of muscle, alteration in mental status,etc.

akathesia

it is the restless condition in which individual cannot stand still or stay at one place

parkinsonism

It is the disorder characterized by 4 conditions that is tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity.

Answer 3.

Degenerative disorders of central nervous system are the disorder of brain which is irreversible and has deleterious effect on brain,

It includes

Parkinson disease.

Huntington disease.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Alzheimer's disease.

Dementia

Risk population

Drug reactions.

Aging process

Hardening of arteries

Depression

Brain trauma

Hereditary.

Sign and symptoms.

paralysis, difficult in reading and writing, pain that cannot be explained, weakness of muscle, loss of concentration,loss of attention, etc

Current therapy

Current viral gene therapy is the method of using viral and non viral method of vector, it has a great impact on treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Are:-

1. Chronic , progressive and relapsing disease.

2. Jobless

3. Need of self worth .

4. Doing things have negative consequences.

5. Behaviour changes.

6. Biological components.

7. Psychological factors.

8. Sociological factors.

9. Telling lie.

10. No acceptance.

TREATMENT INCLUDES.

1. DRUG THERAPY.

2. BEHAVIOUR THERAPY.

3. COMBINATION.

DRUG THERAPY INCLUDING methadone, naltrexone , disulfiram (for alcohol abuse) etc are given according to prescription.

BEHAVIOUR THERAPY

motivation and acceptance by family members, it is performed to make addict cope up with the substance abuse, behaviour therapy along with drug therapy plays a vital role in treatment of substance abuse .

Drug abuse.

It is the use of any drug or substance more than normal without considering its harmful effect on body, society are called drug abuse.

Drug dependence

It is the response of body to a substance.

It occurs due to depend on the medication for a longer period or because of a chronic disease.

Drug tolerance.

When a drug is used continuously and repeatedly the tolerance develop due to the drug called drug tolerance, the individual do not respond to the drug .