Question

1.Compare and contrast the actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.   Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate the heart, digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tracts, arteries, salivary and sweat glands, and portions of the eye.

2. Describe the nurse’s role in the pharmacologic management of patients receiving drugs affecting the parasympathetic nervous system. Identify which drugs would be used for paralytic ileus, GERD, and irritable bowel syndrome and explain the mechanism of action.

3. Use the nursing process to care for patients receiving adrenergic drugs and adrenergic blocking drugs. An asigned patient has glaucoma and stress incontinence. Which drug would be indicated, and why? What are the risks and benefits of the drugs prescribed if taken together? What would you teach, and what would you monitor?

4.  Identify the three classes of medications used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. (antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates) used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, and the effects of these medications on the brain and give examples of the medications. (Choose one medication out of each category)

Answer 1

1) . Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are part of autonomic nervous system .

# Parasympathetic nervous system functions are :-

- vasodilation of vessels of GI tract

- constricts pupils

- constricts bronchioles

- stimulates salivary gland secretion and peristalsis

- decrease heart rate

- sexual arousal

# Sympathetic nervous system functions are :-

- vasoconstriction of vessels to the GI tract and vasodilation of vessels to the skin and lungs

- dilates the bronchioles

- increases heart rate

- dilates the pupil

- inhibits peristalsis

- constricts urinary and intestinal spinchter .

2) Nursing interventions for patients taking drugs that affects Parasympathetic nervous system are :-

- assess the vitals of the patient

- monitor the patient for breathing difficulty , bronchospasm , increased secretion and take actions to promote breathing like suctioning for increased secretions ,Fowler's position , oxygen administration etc .

- monitor for hypotension and bradycardia , dysrhythmia and inform the physician about any deviation in ECG .

- monitor the side effects of drug such as nausea , vomiting , diarrhoea ,increased frequency and urgency of voiding , increased sweating.

# Drugs that can be used for paralytic illeus and GERD , and there mechanism

Drugs are - anatacids like proton pump inhibitors ,

These drugs acts by :-

- increases the tone of esophagea sphincter .

- increases gut motility and gastric emptying

- antiemetic action

Mechanism of action :-

1. D2- rcp antagonism

- enteric neurones disinhibition causes increased acetylcholine

- area postrema - antiemetic and

2. Inhibition of acetylcholine estarase .

3. Stimulation of 5-HT receptors

3) Nursing interventions for patients taking adrenergic blocking agents are :-

- assess for any allergies ,COPD , asthma

- assess the vital signs as it causes hypotension , bradycardia , respiratory difficulty

- assess for other side effects of drugs such as depression ,fatigue , insomnia , heart failure

# Nursing interventions for adrenergic agents are :-

- assess the vitals of the patient

- monitor the patient for breathing difficulty , bronchospasm , increased secretion and take actions to promote breathing like suctioning for increased secretions ,Fowler's position , oxygen administration etc .

- monitor for hypotension and bradycardia , dysrhythmia and inform the physician about any deviation in ECG .

- monitor the side effects of drug such as nausea , vomiting , diarrhoea ,increased frequency and urgency of voiding , increased sweating.