Question

1. Differentiate between the somatic (motor) nervous system and the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system in terms of (1) overall anatomic organization (numbers, types of nerves); (2) neurotransmitters made and released by the nerves; and (3) the targets (effectors) of the neurotransmitters’ actions, whether those structures are innervated by one or both branches of the autonomic nervous system, and the effects of activating those structures.

2.Discuss drug absorption as it relates to the route of administration in pediatric patients.

3.Discuss factors directly related to drug distribution in neonates and infants (e.g., protein binding and the blood–brain barrier).

4.Discuss methods that are effective at and critical to promoting parent and guardian adherence to pediatric drug regimens.

5.Summarize some of the main reasons a very young patient may be considered “highly” sensitive to drugs, considering both pharmacokinetic factors (absorption, distribution, and elimination) and pharmacodynamic factors that affect this apparent sensitivity.

Answer 1

	Somatic Nervous system	autonomic Nervous system
Number	single motor neuron from spinal cord to target.	Usually 2 neurons with Synapse(ganglion)between from spinal cord to target organ.
Types of Nerves	1.spinal nerve-31pairs. 2.cranial nerves-12pairs	1. Sympathetic nerves 2. Parasympathetic nerves
Neurotransmitters	Acetylcholine	Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
The effectors	voluntary effectors- striated muscles	Involuntary effectors-smooth muscle,cardiac muscle and gland.

2. For absorption the drug must be administered in proper manner.

The route of drug administration are-

i) Enteral- substance is given via digestive tract.

ii) oral administration-

a)it is supplied in many forms as-

*Liquids

*Powders

*Tablets

*Capsules

#Tablets and capsules-

1. Crush the tablets for children under 5 to 6 years.

2. Mix with pleasant testing liquids

3. Never mmx tablets with food

For an older child-

1.place tablet at the back of tongue

2.tell child if there is medicine in food

#lequids-

1. Shake well before use

2 .while using dropper direct liquid directly to the posterior side of the mouth.

3.slowly in small amount

In case of tube feeding-

1.medicine should be in liquid form.

2.check tube placement before and after administration.

3. Trust you before and after to maintain patency.

#Rectal administration-

It is not a preferred route for administration in children as it may be irritating .suppositories and enemas are two types of rectal Administration medicine.

1.suppositories -this drug delivery system is inserted into the rectum ,vagina where it dissolves or melts.

#Topical- it includes administration of drug to mucous membrane these are-eye,nose,ear,lungs .Dosage form include- creams ,solution s, lotions ,gels ,ointments,sprays ,powders.