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15. List three normal crystals found in acid urine. 16. List three normal crystals found in alkaline urine. 3. 17. Name at le
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15. The three normal crystals found in the acid urine are

  • Uric acid crystals - yellow or orange-brown in color. formed because of a protein-rich diet. they can be of different shapes like barrel-shaped, diamond-shaped, etc.
  • calcium oxalate - they are dumbbell-shaped and colorless crystals. they are formed when oxalate-rich foods such as spinach are rich in the diet.
  • Bilirubin crystals - they have a needle-like granular appearance and is passed through the liver. the are yellow in color.

16. The three normal crystals found in alkaline urine are

  • triple phosphate - also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals.
  • ammonium biurate - they are brown colored and have a spiky-thorn like appearance.
  • calcium carbonate - they are large and round-shaped crystals of brown color.

17. Crystals that are pathological are -

  • Uric acid crystals
  • calcium oxalate
  • triple phosphate
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