Question

1. Background on the disease itself (demographic distributions associated with the disease and the etiology of this disease process.
2. The risk factors, symptoms and clinical presentation of this disease.
3. Typical laboratory and diagnostic findings for this diagnosis (including all possible methods of diagnostic evaluations).
4. A brief review of treatments used, including an explanation of why that treatment is effective in restoring normal physiology.
5. Program Specific part must include patient education/instruction information, where you, as a health care professional, must work with patient to provide specific to your profession input to diagnose, or/and treat, or/and educate patent. In this part of your presentation we need your professional approach and involvement in patient (disease) case, and follow up care
6. In the last slide of presentation include sources used in research of the disease and professional program

TOPIC: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.

Answer 1

BACKGROUND

• HF has become a major health problem in industrial nations.
• HF is increasing in incidence due to improved survival after cardiovascular events and ageing population.
• The incidence is similar in both men and women.

Etiology

• HF maybe caused by any interference with the normal mechanism regulating cardiac output.
• it depends on many factors such as preload,afterload,myocardial contractility,heart rate and metabolic state of the individual.

RISK FACTORS

• CAD and advancing age are the primary risk factors.
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Cigarette smoking
• Obesity
• High serum cholesterol

Symptoms

• Fatigue
• Dyspnea
• Tachycardia
• Edema
• Nocturia
• Skin changes
• Behavioural changes
• Chest pain
• Weight changes.

Diagnostic findings

• History and physical examination.
• Determination of underlying cause.
• Chest X-RAY
• ECG
• ECHO
• Nuclear imaging studies
• Cardiac Catheterization.

Laboratory findings

• Cardiac enzymes.
• BNP level
• liver function tests
• Serum chemistries.

Treatments

• Treatment of underlying cause
• Oxygen therapy at 2-6L/min by nasal cannula.
• Rest-activity periods.
• Drug therapy
• Daily weights
• Sodium-restricted diet.
• Circulatory assist devices.
• Cardiac transplanttion
• Cardia resynchronization therapy with internal cardioverter-defibrillator.

Patient Education

Health promotion

• Obtain annual flu vaccination.
• Obtain pneumococcal vaccine.
• Consider smoking cessation and weight reduction.

Rest

• Plan a regular daily rest and activity program.
• After exertion, plan a rest period.
• Shorten working hours.
• Avoid emotional upsets.

Drug therapy

• Take each drug as prescribed daily.
• Develop a check-off system
• Learn to take BP at determined intervals
• Know signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.

Dietary therapy

• Consult the written diet plan and list of permitted and restricted foods
• Examine labels to detrermine sodium content.
• Avoid using salt when preparing foods.
• Weigh yourself early in the morning.
• Report weight gain of 3lb in 2 days.

Follow-up care

• ​​​​​​​Effective home health care can prevent or limit future hospitalization.
• Home nursing care with followup with ongoing clinical assessments,monitoring vital signs and evaluating response to therapies.
• Managing the patientd out of the hospital is a priority care.
• Advise the patient that the disease is chronic and that medication must be continued to keep the CHF under control.