Question

1. What is the difference between osteoporosis, osteopenia & osteomalacia? 2. Name 3 treatments for osteoporosis. 3. For what reason would a wrench need to be readily accesible for a patient on an orthopedic unit?" 4. What is the proper order/sequence to assess the Gl system? S. Name one medication that affects the oral cavity (i.e. gums).

Answer 1

1.

	Osteoporosis	Osteopenia	Osteomalacia
Definition	Osteoporosis means "Porous bone"It is bone disease which is characterized by low bone mass that may result loss of too much bone bone from the body that lead to increased fragile ,increased suspectibility to fractures,of hip,spine,wrist.	It is hallmark of osteoporosis. Bones get weaker than normal	It is also called rickets.It is the process softening of bones due to impaired bone metabolism.
Causes	Alcohol, smoking ,low Vitamin-D level, High dose corticosteroids	Celiac disease, Thyroid, chemotherapy medication	Insufficient level of phosphate, calcium, Vit-D
Sign and symptoms	Pain at fracture site	Pain,Loss of posture	Weakness of muscle and bone
Treatment	Calcium supplements	Bisphosphonates	Injection of VItamin-D

2.Treatment of Osteoporosis:

Bisphosphonates are used as first line treatment for osteoporosis:

• Alendronate(Fosamax)
• Zoledronic acid(Reclast)
• Risedronate(Actonel)
• Ibandronate(Boniva)

Monoclonal antibody medication:

• Denosumab should produce bone density and reduce the chance of all fractures.
• It should be taken for every six months through a shot under the skin

Hormones related therapy:

• Estrogen can play major role in prevention of osteoporosis.
• Raloxifen given beneficial effect on bone density in postmenopausal women, without some of the risk associated with estrogen.
• Taking this drug can reduce the risk of breast cancer.

3)Wrench should be readily accessible tools used for treating bones when they become injured.Wrench should be used for reducing fractures as well as an osteoclast to break and reset bones.

4) Order to assess the GI system: Inspection, Ausculation,Percussion and palpitation.

• Inspection: When patient in the Supine position,inspect,Bulges,Hernia,Ascites,Enlarged veins,movement
• Ausculation:It is used to hear bowel sounds upto 5minutes.Bowel sounds come from the underlying of the intestine.It is normal to hear high pitched clicking and gurgling sound approximately every 5 to 15 seconds.
• Percussion: It is used to elicit tenderness that gives clue to underlying problems.
• Palpation: It used to allow for texture,tenderness,temperature,pulsation,masses and internal organs.

5) Medication that affect oral cavity:

• Tetracycline:It is an antibiotic can give permanent yellowish or brownish color teeth.
• Fluorides: Excess amount of fluorides can cause white discoloured sports to form permanent teeth,This process is called flurosis.
• Antihypertensives: These drugs can increased risk of gum swelling and overgrowth.