DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) was developed as the first of the modern synthetic insecticides in the 1940s. It was initially used with great effect to combat malaria, typhus, and the other insect-borne human diseases among both military and civilian populations. It also was effective for insect control in crop and livestock production, institutions, homes, and gardens. DDT's quick success as a pesticide and broad use in the United States and other countries led to the development of resistance by many insect pest species.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, the federal agency with responsibility for regulating pesticides before the formation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, began regulatory actions in the late 1950s and 1960s to prohibit many of DDT's uses because of mounting evidence of the pesticide's declining benefits and environmental and toxicological effects. The publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring stimulated widespread public concern over the dangers of improper pesticide use and the need for better pesticide controls.
In 1972, EPA issued a cancellation order for DDT based on its adverse environmental effects, such as those to wildlife, as well as its potential human health risks. Since then, studies have continued, and a relationship between DDT exposure and reproductive effects in humans is suspected, based on studies in animals. In addition, some animals exposed to DDT in studies developed liver tumors. As a result, today, DDT is classified as a probable human carcinogen by U.S. and international authorities.
DDT is:
After the use of DDT was discontinued in the United States, its concentration in the environment and animals has decreased, but because of its persistence, residues of concern from historical use still remain.
DDT and other persistent organic pollutants used around the world. Under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme, countries joined together and negotiated a treaty to enact global bans or restrictions on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), a group that includes DDT. This treaty is known as the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The Convention includes a limited exemption for the use of DDT to control mosquitoes that transmit the microbe that causes malaria - a disease that still kills millions of people worldwide.
In September 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its support for the indoor use of DDT in African countries where malaria remains a major health problem, citing that benefits of the pesticide outweigh the health and environmental risks. The WHO position is consistent with the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which bans DDT for all uses except for malaria control.
DDT is one of 12 pesticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spray programs. It is up to individual countries to decide whether or not to use DDT. EPA works with other agencies and countries to advise them on how DDT programs are developed and monitored, with the goal that DDT be used only within the context of programs referred to as Integrated Vector Management. EXIT IVM is a decison-making process for use of resources to yield the best possible results in vector control, and that it be kept out of agricultural sectors.
do you believe that the hazards associated with DDT outweight the pesticide benefits? support your response.
What were some of the concerns that led to the banning of DDT in the United States and other developed countries? Do you believe that the hazards associated with DDT outweigh the pesticide’s benefits?
Post a comprehensive response to the following: Identify what you believe are the two key benefits of collaboration for community health centers. How do you feel health care reform will promote or hinder collaboration and an interdisciplinary approach at community health centers? Support your arguments with specific citations from this week's readings.
What do you think about the benefits of decision support. Example, an order is entered for an antibiotic and the patient has an allergy, and the decision support within the EHR picks up the allergy and alerts the pharmacy and physician? What do you believe are the unintended consequences of the implementation of the EHR if any? respond in 150 words
Do you believe a wrongful life claim should be a valid claim? Support your opinion.
1. Do you believe a wrongful birth claim should be a valid claim? Support your opinion.
Do you feel that international sales people must be bilingual? Please support your response.
Compensation & Benefits: Which do you believe is most important for a company's competitive advantage: Internal Consistency or Market Competitveness? Explain your answer.
Do you believe the elasticity of marijuana is inelastic and if legalized demand will not increase? Do you also believe that many of society's social ills associated with drugs will ease not only from marijuana being legalized, but also from the taxes garnered from its legalization used to assist people? Or do you believe the elasticity of marijuana is elastic and if legalized the demand for these will increase? Do you also believe that by legalizing marijuana will create addicts...
Which of the trends associated with mobile platforms do you believe are most likely to be adopted in providing services to their constituents? Do you believe that public entities should embrace this technology and what issues should these entities consider in their decisions to adopt this technology?
The US trade deficit in 2018 was over 600 billion dollars. Which do you believe to be the major cause of the trade deficit in recent years? Provide your informed opinion. What are the major benefits and costs associated with trade deficit?