Question

Recognize risk factors for alterations in Perfusion:

ID factors contributing to blood pressure and heart rate:

Answer 1

The process of blood flow through the circulatory system in order to deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells and removing cellular waste products is called the perfusion which includes Central and Tissue Perfusion.

Hence, all the factors which contribute for; either in the reduction of cardiac output or in the impairment of tissue perfusion are the Risk Factors for alterations in Perfusion.

The oxygenated blood reaching to the body tissues will be reduced due to insufficient cardiac output or due to localized impairment of vessel permeability.

RISK FACTORS FOR ALTERATIONS IN PERFUSION

Risk factors can be classified as Modifiable, which can be reduced or prevented by proper interventions and Unmodifiable Risks which can not be prevented by interventions.

Modifiable Risk Factors:

a) Smoking (nicotine getting into body through smoking is a vasoconstrictor which reduces blood flow)

b) Elevated serum lipids (atherosclerosis which in turn will reduce blood flow can occur due to increased serum lipids)
c) Sedentary lifestyle (which generally contribute to obesity and reduction in blood flow)
d) Obesity (risk for Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis are more in obese people)
e) Diabetes mellitus (increases risk of atherosclerosis which contribute to reduced blood flow)
f) Hypertension (the work load of myocardium will be increased to pump blood through vessels in the initial stage of hypertension in order to compensate, but, will eventually cause reduced blood flow, if hypertension persists.)

Unmodifiable Risk Factors

a) Age (increases with age)
b) Gender: men have more risk than women before menopause because of the hormonal protection, estrogen in pre-menopausal women
c) Family history (People with family history of hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases etc have more risk)
d) Race (African-American, Asian, or native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders are at higher risk than white or Hispanic)

Factors contributing to blood pressure and heart rate

Modifiable Risk Factors:

a) Smoking

b) High sodium intake
c) Low potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake
d) Sedentary life and Obesity
e) Excess alcohol consumption
f) Insulin resistance (increases the risk directly or by contributing to the increase of other risk factors)
g) Stress

Unmodifiable Risk Factors

a) Genetic factors
b) Family history (People with family history of hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases etc have more risk)
c) Age (Increases with age)
d) Race (African-American, Asian, or native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders are at higher risk than white or Hispanic)