Question

1. Discuss the significance of body weight and composition, focusing on the effect of weight and the requirement for larger doses of a drug to obtain a therapeutic effect because of an increase in tissues to perfuse (percentage of body fat) and an increase in receptor sites in some reactive tissue.
2. Discuss age as a factor in medication administration, noting that drug sensitivity varies with age and that infants are especially sensitive to drugs, as are the elderly.
3. Discuss the effects of kidney disease, liver disease, acid-base imbalance, and altered electrolyte status on drug responses.
4. Discuss the three categories of drug tolerance: pharmacodynamic tolerance, metabolic tolerance, and tachyphylaxis.
5. Define placebo effects and explain the beneficial and negative effects.
6. Discuss bioavailability and other causes of variable absorption. Explain why differences in bioavailability are a significant concern with drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index.
7. Discuss common mechanisms by which genetic differences modify drug responses (e.g., altered drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered drug targets).
8. Discuss three gender-related differences that can occur in response to administration of the same drug.
9. Discuss two primary determinants of race-related drug responses.
10. Discuss factors that may result in the patient’s failure to take medications as prescribed.
11. Discuss drug interaction as a source of variability.
12. Discuss the effects of diet on drug responses.

Answer 1

Q. No 2. Answer :

As the age increases the functions of tissues and organs may decreases gradually, so that the absorption, metabolism, and distribution of medications and elimination of drugs may decreases in the old age people.

By using of some psychotropic drugs, the drug sensitivity observed in elderly like increased blood pressure.

Infants also more sensitive to drugs as the immature organs.

Q. No 3. Answer :

The drugs are metabolism taken place in the liver and excretion taken place by kidney, as the diseases to liver and kidneys there is no proper metabolism and absorption and excretion, so that the effect of drugs will not good.

Q. No. 4. Answer :

Pharmacodynemic tolerance : It is defined as it is an instances of tolerance it involves adoptive changes in the receptor binding and recruitment of processes that limits.

Metabolic tolerance :

It is also known as pharmacology kinetics tolerance, it refers to the obsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.

Tachyphylaxis :

It is acute sudden decrease responses to a drug after administration, and that is a rapid and short term onset of drug tolerance.

Q. No 5. Placebo effects : it also called as placebo response, it is a fake treatment, inactive substances like sugar, distilled water and saline solution, by using these some times may patients feel satisfaction because they feel like effect of active medicine.

Benefits of these some times patients may get satisfy, because one of the psychological feeling, with the medicine taking only they will cure like that, so that time it may helpful.

Negative effects also called as 'nocibo effect' after receiving treatment they is no effect or inactive.