Question

Identify the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia or fluid deficit. Identify the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia or fluid excess Describe the fluids used to correct a fluid imbalance How would you diagnose an electrolyte imbalance? What test would you perform? Explain the relationship between hydrostatic pressure, high blood pressure, and edema. Explain how secretion of certain hormones regulates fluid balance Identify the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia Identify the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia. Explain what is meant by "third spacing" Identify the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia. Identify the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia Which manifestation of a sodium imbalance can become life-threatening if not corrected? Potassium? Identify with organs in the body are responsible for acid- base balance Explain how the buffer system in the kidneys regulates acid base balance . Explain how acid-base imbalances are most accurately Identify situations that can lead to respiratory acidosis and Identify situations that can lead to metabolic acidosis and diagnosed alkalosis alkalosis Describe the relationship between hypoxia, anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid, and metabolic acidosis.

Answer 1

1)■Hypovolemia refers to the decrease in blood volume especially the plasma content of the blood.The signs and symptoms of it are as following

• Dizziness
• Fatigue or tired
• Headache
• Nausea
• Severe perspiration
• Excess thirst
• Sunken eyes
• Sunken fontanelle in infants
• Dry skin
• Systolic BP less than 70mmHg
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Poor or no capillary refill
• Decrease in urine output

2)■Increase in the fluid volume of the blood is termed to be hypervolemia.The signs and symptoms of it are as following

• Increase in weight
• Peripheral enema
• Ascities or abdominal swelling
• Difficulty in breathing
• Skin appears swollen,shiny and moist
• Bounding pulse
• Palpitation
• Confusion

3)■The fluid imbalance in the body are generally corrected with the help of fluids either orally (mild cases) and intravenously (severe cases).The fluids generally used are rich in electrolyte.Sodium chloride are first used to treat extracellular fluid loss and fluid with potassium, phosphate are used to correct intracellular fluid imbalance. The Common fluids used are Normal saline and Ringer lactate

4)■The most common ways for diagnosing electrolyte imbalance are

• Blood test for Sodium,Potassium, Chloride
• Pinch test to rule out hypernatremia
• Reflex test (usually altered when there there is increase or decrease in this lwvel)
• Assess the mental status (there will be alterations in mental status)