Question

What conditions (unintended consequences) can result from certain treatments used for cancer? Describe how a malignant tumor can metastasize. Fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance (22 questions) Identify the normal values for: extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, sodium, potassium, pH, HCO2, PaCO2, PaO2, O2 saturation. Identify the two major fluid compartments. Identify the sub-compartments of extracellular fluid. Explain how to calculate how much fluid as patient has gained or lost based on weight in kilograms. Identify the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia or fluicd Identify the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia or fluid . Describe the fluids used to correct a fluid imbalance. deficit. excess. How would you diagnose an electrolyte imbalance? What test would you perform? Explain the relationship between hydrostatic pressure, high blood pressure, and edema. Explain how secretion of certain hormones regulates fluid balance. Identify the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia. Identify the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia. Explain what is meant by "third spacing Identify the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia. Identify the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia. Which manifestation of a sodium imbalance can become life-threatening if not corrected? Potassium? Identify with organs in the body are responsible for acid base balance. Explain how the buffer system in the kidneys regulates acid- base balance Explain how acid-base imbalances are most accurately diagnosed. Identify situations that can lead to respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Identify situations that can lead to metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Describe the relationship between hypoxia, anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid, and metabolic acidosis.

Answer 1

unintended consequences of cancer treatment.

• mouth sores: inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane cause pain and infection.
• oral bleeding: due to the decreased number of platelets due to chemotherapy on bone marrow
• xerostomia(dry mouth): as a result of less saliva. for a long term can increase the risk of tooth decay and cavities.
• tooth decay
• infection: due to the decreased immune system.
• dysphagia: painful swallowing
• neurotoxicity
• malnutrition or dehydration: due to oral problems patient may reject eat or drink by mouth.
• breakdown of tissues by radiation therapy

metastasis of a malignant tumour

metastatic or stage 4 cancer is a medical term used to describe when cancer spreads to different parts of the body from their original point.

metastasis occurs when cancer cells break away from an original tumour and enter into a circulatory system like blood or lymphatic system. this carries cancer cells to different parts of the body and settles in bones, liver, lungs, brain chest wall etc. and develop to form another tumour.