Question

For each of the following drug a) Alcohol b) Cocaine

Describe the drug itself and give a brief overview of its background (i.e. why is it taken?).

2. How is the typically drug taken? What are its sites of action, and how does it reach them? (Pharmacokinetics)

3. What are the drug’s actions on those sites?(Pharmacodynamics)

4. What are the Drug Effects?

5. How is the drug Metabolized and cleared from the body.How long does this generally take?

Answer 1

1)Alcohol

1.it is considered as a depressant.it has the power to decrease the vital functions.moreover,it can be used as stimulant in stressfull situations.

2)alcohol usually taken orally.when it reaches in the stomach,it is entered into blood stream.The main sites of action are mouth,stomach ,circulatory system,brain,kidney,lungs,and liver.alcohol reaches to the various system through blood stream.if it is taken excessively it could distroy whole system of body.

3)a neurotransmitter called y-aminobutyric acid presents in the brain increases its effect while taking alcohol.this the main neurotansmitter present in the brain.

4)vomitting,drowsiness,stomach disturbances,dyspnoea,headache,slurred speech,decreased coginitive abilities,vision and hearing problems

5)there are several process in alcohol metabolism.two enzymes which are involved in this process are alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Around 90 to 98 percentage of alcohol breaks in liver and other is discarded through urine,sweat and while exhaling also.

2)cocaine

It is an stimulant which acts strongly in human body.it is used for recreational purpose.

2)it can smoke and sometimes diluted and injected into a vein.

3)people who take this would lose the contact with realitty and they get a lot of happiness

4)it increases body temperature,heart rate,.it will constrict blood vesseles.people become restless,irritable and panic

5)coccaine is absorbed,metabolised and excreted through urine with in three days of intake.the concentration get decreased by 1ng/ml with in 24 hours.urine examination will assist to find out the prrsence of coccaine in the body.