Question

what do you think the public health professional might do to mitigate future outbreaks of SARS at the macrosystem level, and why?

Answer 1

what do you think the public health professional might do to mitigate future outbreaks of SARS at the macro system level, and why?

Answer:-

SARS stands for “Severe acute respiratory syndrome”. SARS, is a transmittable and potentially deadly respiratory disease.

firstly SARS appeared in China in November 2002 and was identified in February 2003.

SARS spread to over twenty four countries before it was stopped spreading.

As per world health organization report ,From November 2002 to July 2003, there were 8,098 cases worldwide and 774 deaths.

With the help of WHO global warming of spreading SARS and Strong levels of global cooperation ensured that the threat of SARS was dealt with swiftly, and the spread of the disease was effectively contained.

The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) virus spread SARS. A coronavirus is a virus that typically causes upper-respiratory tract illnesses. The common cold outcomes from a kind of coronavirus.

Common reasons of SARS spreading:- close human touch and spray from coughing and sneezing likely transmit the SARS virus. The respiratory droplets are probably absorbed into the body through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth.

A person with the virus can spread the infection by leaving respiratory droplets on sight, such as telephone, doors doorbells handles. These are then touched by someone else. Which help virus to spread into other human.

WHO’s vision for global health security is claimed to be world on ready to respond rapidly and on alert both globally and locally. In 21st century the emerging disease threats, no matter they are intentional in origin, or they are natural minimizing their impact on the health and economy of the world’s communities.

Safeguard against the threat posed by fatal disease such as SARS requires a joint , adaptable response. National and international public health systems represent a major pillar of action for rapid and effective regulation .

Preparations for the Future outbreaks of SARS at macrosystem level:-

Reemergence:- there are three sources from which SARS virus can reemerge:

(1) from undetected transmission cycles in sites with no health care facilities or very less health care facility:- it is difficult to believe that there have been continued, undetected transmission cycles.

(2) from an animal source:- SCoV virus is considered to have spread into the human population from a wild animal source, this has to remain a possibility, but whether it will occur this year or sometime in the future remains unknown. Previous results indicate that SCoV, or a related virus, occurs in a number of wildlife species. However, the ability of the virus to cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans, and then to become adapted to transmit between humans, may be a relatively rare event.

(3) from a laboratory accident. :- But laboratory accident are Of greater immediate concern is the threat posed by stocks of SCoV and clinical specimens potentially containing SCoV, which are kept in many laboratories globally, as well as the paucity of safer biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facilities in many parts of various communities.

Surveillance:- effective surveillance of early detection of symptoms of SARS is very important. There is no vaccine available for this disease. The WHO report says that "The basic strategy that controlled SARS outbreaks worldwide was rapid and decisive surveillance and containment," . In the absence of effective vaccines or drugs, the strategy will be the same if SARS reappears in coming years. Containment will depend on early detection and separation isolation of cases, tracing and monitoring of patients contacts, thorough infection control precautions, and, in some cases, isolation of potentially infected people.

WHO will also continue to identify and verify rumors about SARS through its usual, well-established mechanisms.

Laboratory safety:- Who has made the establishment of an International SARS Reference and Verification Laboratory Network to provide a diagnostic service to those countries that do not have the necessary diagnostic facilities and to verify any laboratory-diagnosed case of SCoV infection reported in the interepidemic period; the development of a panel of positive control sera; and the formulation of strong recommendations about laboratory safety. a major biosafety document is nearing completion with respect to the restriction level and conditions under which process is undertaken with live SCoV. Finally, the workshop attendees considered the algorithms under which laboratory diagnosis should be undertaken, and these have been incorporated into the algorithms developed in the epidemiological document Alert, Verification and Public Health Management of SARS in the Post-Outbreak Period.

Diagnostics and Therapeutic Counter measures:-. The objective of hosting a workshop to plan future clinical trials by WHO SARS Clinical team are as follows:-

(1) to review treatment experiences in different countries during the last outbreak;

(2) to share existing plans for future clinical trials and identify candidate therapies;

(3) to agree on basic trial design, including a hierarchy of outcome parameters and agreed standards of care; and

(4) to assist in preparedness for clinical trials at relatively short notice.

A SARS Research Advisory Committee was established by WHO to determine the major disparity in our knowledge of the origin, ecology, epidemiology, clinical treatment, and also social and economic impacts of SARS on community. Also to discuss the research needs required to fill these voids for effective public health management of SARS. The preparedness and response to future outbreaks of SARS in future.