Question

need some assistance with this please. thank you very much

1. Free radicals are __________ .

(A) molecules that have lost an electron (C) molecules with extra neutrons

(B) escaped political prisoners (D) produced by vitamins

2. The chromosomal location of the APC gene was originally identified by finding a region of the

genome that was _________ in patients with colorectal cancer.

(A) deleted (B) rearranged (C) normal (D) unclear

3. The National Health Service of the United Kingdom (Britain) has recommended e-cigarette use

to quit smoking.

(A) True (B) False

4. Over the years, several large studies have failed to find any health benefit from taking vitamins or

supplements. What can you conclude from these results?

(A) Vitamins and supplements have no effect on health.

(B) There is no experimental evidence for a health benefit from vitamins and supplements.

(C) Vitamins and supplements work, experimental science does not.

(D) None of the above.

5. Increased rates of vaping in middle school students in the US will lead to increased rates of

traditional cigarette smoking.

(A) True (B) Unclear (C) False

6. Which of the following are treatment options for both Prostate and Breast cancer.

(A) hormone therapy (C) radiation

(B) surgical organ removal (D) B and C

(E) A,B and C

7. Herd immunity to HPV infection is demonstrated by which of the following?

(A) decrease in oncogenic HPV subtypes in those vaccinated.

(B) decrease in all HPV subtypes in the unvaccinated

(C) decrease in oncogenic HPV subtypes in the unvaccinated.

(D) no correct answer

(E) A and C

8. Which of the following contributes to uncertainty regarding e-cigarette use.

(A) e-liquid quality (C) nicotine concentration

(B) flavoring component safety (D) A, B and C

9. Access to health care can lead to which of the following.

(A) earlier detection (C) later stage cancer diagnosis

(B) better screening (D) A, B and C

10. Experts disagree at what age and how often a women should have a mammogram. This is due

to evidence that better screening has led to __________ which has resulted in ___________ .

(A) more tumors detected, more deaths (C) more tumors detected, overtreatment

(B) false negatives, fewer treatments (D) fewer tumors detected, better treatment

Page 2

11. Herd immunity refers to the protection for all from vaccination of the majority of the population.

Which one of the following would NOT lead to increased protection from cervical cancer by HPV

infection?

(A) improved vaccines

(B) increasing Gardasil immunization rates

(C) Gardasil for boys

(D) HPV antibody testing the sexually active

12. Obesity can lead to insulin resistance. High levels of insulin can act as growth factor for various

tumor types. These data highlight the link between ___________ and ___________.

(A) glucose, diabetes

(B) diet, lung cancer

(C) diet, cancer

(D) diabetes, colon cancer

13. A randomized double blind study is considered the best way to judge if a treatment is effective.

In this type of trial both doctor and patient are ‘blind’ to control for _________ in the patient and

________ in the doctor.

(A) placebo effect, bias (C) bias, placebo effect

(B) bias, malpractice (D) symptoms, bias

14. Obesity in postmenopausal women increases the risk of breast cancer. This is due to the

increased production of _________ in adipose/fat cells that acts as a fuel for ________ .

(A) estrogen, estrogen receptor positive tumors

(B) estrogen, all breast cancers

(C) testosterone, aromatase

(D) PSA, aromatase

15. Population studies consistently show that caloric restriction reduces overall cancer risk.

These data confirm the link between _______ and ________.

(A) diabetes, cancer (C) vitamin supplements, cancer

(B) excess calories, increased cancer risk (D) dieting, heart disease

16. For whom would Prostate Cancer screening (including PSA testing) be the most important.

(A) white males > 70 years old (B) black males > 70 years old

(C) black males 40 years old (D) none of A, B or C

17. Some recent studies suggest that the obesity epidemic in America is not caused by eating too

much junk food. If this is the case, which of the following could be causing the increase in

obesity?

(A) physical inactivity

(B) fatty foods

(C) processed foods

(D) A,B and C

18. Benzopyrene diol-epoxide is a component of ________ and has been shown to directly cause

mutations in the __________ .

(A) benzene, K-ras oncogene

(B) e cigarettes, K-ras proto oncogene

(C) tobacco smoke, p53 gene

(D) chewing tobacco, p53 gene

19. In the US the majority of ortho-pharyngeal (throat) cancers happen in men over 70.

(A) True (B) Unknown (C) False

20. Risk of Triple Negative Breast Cancer has been shown to be reduced in African American women

who?

(A) take birth control for longer than 3 years (C) have breast fed for more than 6 months

(B) that did not have kids (D) had a bilateral mastectomy

Page 3

21. Which of the following states the MOST accurate/complete information on vaping,

(A) vaping is completely safe (C) vaping is more dangerous than tobacco

(B) vaping has been recommended for quitting cigarettes (D) vaping safety has yet to be proven

22. Studies sponsored by the soda industry have established a link between increased sugar

consumption and obesity and diabetes.

(A) True (B) Unknown (C) False

23. Cervical cancer rates in the developing world far exceed those of the USA and Western Europe.

This is most likely due to _________ .

(A) diet (C) availability of PAP smear test

(B) chemical exposure (D) both B and C

24. PSA screening is a good predictor of metastatic prostate cancer spread.

(A) True (B) Unclear (C) False

25. The risk associated with BRCA mutations has changed over time.

(A) True (B) False

26. In a clinical trial for a new drug for chronic pain, a patient who received the placebo got worse.

This is most likely due to _____________ .

(A) the placebo effect

(B) the nocebo effect

(C) book keeping error

(D) fraud

27. An estimated 80% of the sexually active world population has been exposed to HPV. Why is it

that exposure to HPV does not lead to cervical cancer every time?

(A) HPV can’t spread in humans (C) virus must infect basal stem cell layer

(B) progression to cancer requires co factors (D) the virus cannot be cleared

28. Triple negative breast cancer rates in African American women are due to access to care.

(A) True (B) Unclear (C) False

29. Aromatase Inhibitors are used to treat ER+ breast cancer in post-menopausal women.

(A) True (B) False

30. Since the introduction of e-cigarettes, calls to CDC Poison Control hotline for accidental e-liquid

poisoning have gone up.

A) True (B) Unknown (C) False

31. Nicotine is an addictive substance due, in part, to its ability to bind _______ found on ________ .

(A) VEGF receptors, endothelial cells (C) Wnt receptors, tumor cells

(B) neurotransmitter receptors, brain cells (D) acetylcholine receptors, lung cells

32. Expert groups disagree about the use of which of the following?

(A) mammography (B) PSA testing

(C) chemotherapy (D) A and B

(E) all of the above

Page 4

33. Recently, a large study showed that large, daily doses of aspirin protect against colon cancer. This

type of study reinforces the link between ________________ and ____________ .

(A) mutations, polyps (C) aspirin, stomach upset

(B) cancer, diet (D) cancer, chronic inflammation

34. Obesity is linked to a variety of cancers. The evidence for this link is mostly?

(A) Genetic (C) correlative from observational studies

(B) from mouse studies (D) All are correct

35. Antioxidants _________ .

(A) have been shown in some studies to promote cancer cell growth

(B) have been proven to prevent cancer

(C) are found naturally in fruits and vegetables

(D) a, b and c

(E) a and c only

36. Curcumin is a potentially therapeutic __________ compound found in the spice turmeric.

(A) carcinogenic (C) synthetic

(B) chemopreventive (D) spicy

37. Nicotine is a human _____________ . In tobacco plants it acts as an _____________ .

(A) poison, enzyme

(B) stimulant, energy source

(C) neurotransmitter, insecticide

(D) poison, insecticide

38. In colon cancer cells with APC mutations, B catenin is not destroyed and growth factor signaling

is stuck in the ______ position and tumors form. The APC gene is classified as a(n) ___________ .

(A) off, oncogene (C) off, tumor repressor

(B) on, tumor suppressor (D) on, DNA repair gene

39. Monamine Oxidase B (MAO B) is an enzyme involved in neurotransmitter metabolism.

In smokers, MAO B levels are greatly reduced in the brain, lungs and other organs.

Tobacco _______ inhibits MAO B leading to _________.

(A) smoke, lung cancer (C) nicotine, addiction

(B) smoke, enhanced nicotine effects (D) additives, emphysema

40. Increased colonoscopies has led to earlier detection of colon cancer. However, recent

studies have shown that less expensive, lower tech options like ___________ offer nearly the same

screening benefit.

(A) flexible sigmoidoscopy

(B) fecal occult stool testing

(C) CT scans

(D) fecal DNA testing

Answer 1

1. Free radicals are __________ .

(A) molecules that have lost an electron (C) molecules with extra neutrons

(B) escaped political prisoners (D) produced by vitamins

Answer-(A) molecules that have lost an electron

Free radicals are those atoms or molecule which contain one or more unpaired electron in the valence shell. Free radicle is produced in the cell as a byproduct of normal cellular respiration.

please give a thumbs up!!!!!!!!!! thank you!!!!!!!!!!