Homework Answers
Glucokinase is not inhibited by feedback inhibition i.e its product, Glucose-6-Phosphate, yet its activity is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by diabetogenic hormones (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone). Even Glucose phosphorylation usually becomes rate-limiting for glucose entry into liver tissue but not cell membrane permeability to glucose.
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), an enzyme found mainly in the liver and the kidneys, plays an important role in providing glucose during starvation. the regulation of the expression of G6Pase by insulin, glucocorticoids, cAMP, and glucose.
GLUT2 is the major glucose transporter of hepatocytes. In hepatocytes, GLUT2 expression is required for the physiological control of glucose-sensitive genes, and its inactivation in the liver leads to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, revealing a liver-beta cell axis, which is likely to be dependent on bile acids controlling beta-cell secretion capacity.
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18. How is the activity of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase regulated in liver cells? What is the...
Explain in detail how PFK-1, hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1, pyruvate carboxylase & PEPCK are...
Explain in detail how PFK-1, hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1, pyruvate carboxylase & PEPCK are regulated & compare their regulation in liver vs. skeletal muscle & brain when blood glucose levels are high (i.e. a fed state) & low (i.e. a fasting or starvation state).
2. Individuals lacking liver glucose-6-phosphatase accumulate a large amount of glycogen in the liver, while their...
2. Individuals lacking liver glucose-6-phosphatase accumulate a large amount of glycogen in the liver, while their blood glucose levels are only slightly increased when administered high doses of glucagon. What is the metabolic source of the glucose that causes the blood glucose levels to rise slightly? Justify your answer with key metabolic information regarding how glucagon affects cells, how the mutation changes cellular function, and how the glucose exits the cell.
Glucokinase is a liver enzyme with a kcat of 33/second and a Km for Glucose of...
Glucokinase is a liver enzyme with a kcat of 33/second and a Km for Glucose of 7 mM. What is the initial reaction rate (in mM product / second) of 0.1 mM glucokinase in the presence of 50 mM glucose? Please show your work clearly.
Write a one sentence explanation for the following statement: The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is...
Write a one sentence explanation for the following statement: The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues. a. Glucose-6-phosphate must be hydrolyzed in order for glucose to exit the liver cell and be exported to other tissues. b. Glucose-6-phosphate must be fully ucleaved in order for glucose to exit the liver cell and be exported to other tissues. c. Glucose-6-phosphate must lower the energy barier of...
Which of the following liver enzymes are involved in the production and/or release of glucose into...
Which of the following liver enzymes are involved in the production and/or release of glucose into the bloodstream in response to glucagon? Choose all that apply for full credit A. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) B. glucokinase C. glucose 6-phosphatase D. glycogen phosphorylase E. phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) F. phosphoglucomutase G. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
What would result if a person has higher-than-normal activity in the glucokinase protein in beta cells?...
What would result if a person has higher-than-normal activity in the glucokinase protein in beta cells? ATP levels in the cell would go down This person would not secrete any insulin at all It would take more glucose to generate enough ATP for insulin secretion O Insulin secretion will occur at a lower level of glucose This person likely was small at birth
a) The enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase is essential for the creation of glucose (which passes from the...
a) The enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase is essential for the creation of glucose (which passes from the liver to the blood stream) from pyruvate/glycogen? Choose the right option: pyruvate or glycogen b) Red blood cells lack mitochondria and thus they reduce Pyruvate to Lactate under aerobic/anaerobic conditions. Choose the right option: aerobic or anaerobic c) All enzymes involved in glycolysis are cytosolic. Correct or incorrect? d) The Mg+2 ion is a cofactor of most enzymes that participate in the process of...
Are all of these statements true? (number 4 seems iffy) All glucose consumed is absorbed by...
Are all of these statements true? (number 4 seems iffy) All glucose consumed is absorbed by the small intestine, which then travels via the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Normal liver glucokinase have a relatively high Km value of 10mM, which means it has a lower affinity for glucose. These kinetics allow for the liver to function as a blood glucose buffering system, as glucokinase will only convert glucose to glycogen stores when blood glucose levels (BGL) are higher...
Page 1: Question 5 (1 point) ✓ Saved Match the description of cells of liver, muscle,...
Page 1: Question 5 (1 point) ✓ Saved Match the description of cells of liver, muscle, both, or neither. Consider only the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways but ignore whether they have measurable rate under cellular conditions. Assume both cells have constant supplies of pyruvate and glucose and are aerobic. expresses pyruvate carboxykinase has oxaloacetic acid (OAA) as an intermediate expresses glucose 6- phosphatase 1. liver 2. muscle forms net oxaloacetic acid (OAA) 3. both does not express fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 4....
Question 1 Liver cells and the skeletal muscle cells regulate glycogen in different ways. List their...
Question 1 Liver cells and the skeletal muscle cells regulate glycogen in different ways. List their key differences. Not complete Answer: Marked out of 1.00 Check P Flag question How is Protein phosphatase 1 regulated by phosphorylation? What enzymes are involved, and what is the effect of phosphorylation on PP1? Question 2 Not complete Answer: Marked out of 1.00 Check Flag question Question 3 What reaction replenishes oxaloacetate? Name the enzyme and it's substrates. Not complete Answer: Marked out of...
2. Individuals lacking liver glucose-6-phosphatase accumulate a large amount of glycogen in the liver, while their blood glucose levels are only slightly increased when administered high doses of glucagon. What is the metabolic source of the glucose that causes the blood glucose levels to rise slightly? Justify your answer with key metabolic information regarding how glucagon affects cells, how the mutation changes cellular function, and how the glucose exits the cell.
What would result if a person has higher-than-normal activity in the glucokinase protein in beta cells? ATP levels in the cell would go down This person would not secrete any insulin at all It would take more glucose to generate enough ATP for insulin secretion O Insulin secretion will occur at a lower level of glucose This person likely was small at birth
Page 1: Question 5 (1 point) ✓ Saved Match the description of cells of liver, muscle, both, or neither. Consider only the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways but ignore whether they have measurable rate under cellular conditions. Assume both cells have constant supplies of pyruvate and glucose and are aerobic. expresses pyruvate carboxykinase has oxaloacetic acid (OAA) as an intermediate expresses glucose 6- phosphatase 1. liver 2. muscle forms net oxaloacetic acid (OAA) 3. both does not express fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 4....
Question 1 Liver cells and the skeletal muscle cells regulate glycogen in different ways. List their key differences. Not complete Answer: Marked out of 1.00 Check P Flag question How is Protein phosphatase 1 regulated by phosphorylation? What enzymes are involved, and what is the effect of phosphorylation on PP1? Question 2 Not complete Answer: Marked out of 1.00 Check Flag question Question 3 What reaction replenishes oxaloacetate? Name the enzyme and it's substrates. Not complete Answer: Marked out of...
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