Question

Please answer ALL questions.

1. Select the correct combination for a sympathetic increase in heart rate

A. acetylcholine -- alpha receptors -- increased potassium permeability

B. norepinephrine and epinephrine -- beta 2 receptors --increased permeability to sodium, potassium, and calcium

C. acetylcholine --muscarinic receptors --increased potassium permability

D. norepinephrine and epinephrine -- nicotinic receptors --increased permeability to calcium

E. norepinephrine and epinephrine -- beta 1 receptors -- increased permeability to sodium and calcium

2. If there is loss of plasma proteins due to kidney disease (in other words, the plasma proteins go out in the urine), how will bulk flow in the systemic capillaries be affected?

A. both filtration and reabsorption will increase

B. both filtration and reabsorption will decrease

C. filtration witll increase, and reabsorption will decrease

D. filtration will decrease, and reabsorption will increase

3. Which of the following does NOT increase venous return to the heart?

A. parasympathetic activity causing venous vasodilation

B. sympathetic nerve activity causing venous vasoconstriction

C. Respiratory pump providing a pressure gradient between the lower viens and the chest veins

D. skeletal muscle pump squeezing blood through the viens

E. more than one answer applies

Answer 1

1.E.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine -- beta 1receptors -- increased permeability of sodium and calcium.

As the epinephrine is the Major hormone responsible for increased heart rate via beta 1receptors, it allow the calcium which is required for vasoconstriction through contracting smooth muscles of blood vessels.

2.C.

Filtration will be increased and reabsorption will be decreased.

In the proteinuria in kidney disease that

• increases the permeability of protein through glomerular capillary walls
• Impaired reabsorption of protein through the epithelial cells of proximal tubuli.

3.A.

parasympathetic activity causing venous vasodilatation.

Vasodilatation decreases venous return.