Question

1 Explain the events of inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle contraction, change in volume (space), change in pressure and flow of air.

2 What factors stimulate breathing? Between O2 and CO2, which is more important in terms of stimulation of breathing? Why?

3 What does GFR stand for? What happens in nephrons if GFR is too high? Too low?

4 Describe the positive feedback mechanism used by the nephron loop to make the medulla salty. What is the purpose of this mechanism?

5 Where does the water in our bodies come from? How is it lost? How is it retained?

Answer 1

Ans 1:-AAns 2-The medulla oblongata in the brain send signal to the nerve in diaphragm and intercoastal spaces to produce respiration. It receive signal to detect oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood ,and starts breathing. Co2 concentration in blood is more important in terms of stimulation of respiration.

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Ans 3-GFR stands for glomerular filtration rate. If the gfr is too high or too low it indicates severity of kidney disease and it's not working properly. GFR detect albumin in blood through creatinine level.

Ans 4-loop of Henley is the mechanism to keep medulla salty.

Ans 5-our body is composed of numerous cell constitution, water is concentrated in these cells ,about 60 % of water is concentrated in our body rest of it we consume from outer source.

It is lost by a sweating ,in the form of urine, and vapour.

Water retention occur in the circulatory system or within the tissue ,it is known as edema and cause swelling to body parts.