What is meant by phylogenetic dependence versus phylogenetic independence in phenotypic relationships
Phylogenetic comparative method use information on the historical relationship of lineages (phylogenies). The standardized contrast are used in conventional statistical procedures with the constraint that all regressions, coreralations, etc must pass through the origin.
The method of independent contrast uses phylogenetic information to transform interspecific data into values , that in principle are independent and identically distributed , and hence can be analysed with standard methods like regressions.
This phylogenetic dependence implies that species cannot be treated as independent units , hampering the application of conventional statistical procedures. ( generalised linear models ) in a general nonmark recapture context.
What is meant by phylogenetic dependence versus phylogenetic independence in phenotypic relationships
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What is meant by "auditor independence" and why do you think it is referred to as the cornerstone of auditing?
Plants belonging to the same genus will have stronger phylogenetic relationships than those with different genus. Why is that?
2a. What is meant by the term 'path dependence? (5 points) 2b. Explain, with the use of at least two historical examples, the role of colonization in creating adverse path dependence in former colonies. (10 points) 2c. What specific changes would you suggest be undertaken by now-independent countries whose economic structures have been shaped by colonization and adverse path dependence? Explain why you think these changes would be necessary. (5 points) 3. Choose THREE of the theories of development listed...
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From the dropdown menu provided, select a form of threat to independence that relates to each of the safegaurds listed in the table below. Threats to Independence Safeguards Policies and procedures within an accounting firm identifying any staff with financial interest in an assurance client. Minimizing the provision of non-audit services to assurance clients. Policies and procedures prohibiting business relationships with clients. Partner and staff rotation policies. Avoidance of fee dependence.
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