Question

(15 Marks) Question 2 a) Write the four-step process that Mangers are usually follow while making a decision. Explain each step with example. (4) b) Differentiate between Routine report and Non-Routine report. Explain with example. (3) c) Explain with example how dynamic analysis is different from static analysis. (3) d) On the basis of the following neural network diagram, calculate the Transformation (Transfer) Function (Yu) and Summation function (Y). (5) X w Y X Processing element (PE) Y, w X Where X1=2, X2= 3, X3=1; W =0.2, W2=0.6, W3-0.3; tesi

Answer 1

The four-step decision making process consist of different stages is characterized by lots of dynamic interactions and consists of the following interrelated steps:

1- Describing Situation-

It includes finding the main issue or problem.It is very important to find what excatly the problem is,get familiar with that problem so that we can find the solution for that problem.The current situation needs to be described in order to provide as much (reliable!) information as possible to the decision makers.

2 Listing Possibilities-

After examine the whole scenario need to find the possible alernative actions.It times for decision makers to start searching for alternatives possible ideas. The most suitable and best promising alternatives being available and realizable/feasible within the defined schedule of the decision making process are to be discovered. As all alternatives are compared with the ideal, those which are the farthest away are removed from further consideration.

3- Choosing Selection Criteria-

For choosing the criteria we need to find what is important for the organization.As already mentioned in the beginning - not only the action and/or alternative itself is relevant but also the selection criteria is important.

4-Prepare to be wrong-

Often we’re overconfident about how things will unfold, so we need to stretch our sense of what the future might bring. One recommendation is to “bookmark the future,” as an investment analyst does by imagining the best and worst possible outcomes from a monetary choice.

Ans 2-

Routine Report-

As the name suggest Routine Report is prepared and presented as a routine work and at a regular period of time. For example, the annual report of an association or a company which has to be prepared by the secretary or by the Board of Directors at the end of every financial year and copies have to be distributed among the members.

A routine report contains some facts or information either in detail or in a summarised form. It may also be of critical type containing some remark or opinion. For example, the auditor’s report on the final accounts of a company. Departmental managers or branch managers have to regularly submit routine reports to the higher authorities.

A Special Report is prepared and presented not as a matter of routine. This is prepared on the basis of some enquiry or investigation either by a single individual or by a body or a committee or a sub­committee or a commission specially formed and entrusted with the duty.

The secretary of an organisation, by virtue of his position, is often entrusted with the duty of preparing reports on certain depart­ment or person or event to be submitted to the top management people for taking decisions. The Government very often sets up committees or commissions to make investigation on some matter or person and to submit report. A special report is in many cases of confidential type and contains apart from facts and information, some recommen­dations. A Technical Report prepared by technologists on some specific issue is a kind of Special Report.

Whether the report is ordinary or special, it may be an item of discussion at any general or committee or Board meeting and the fact has to be mentioned in the agenda of the meeting.

Non-Routine Report-

A non-routine operations report is a system by which employees and crew members can report hazards to the operation that don’t warrant inclusion in ASAP, ASRS or FOQA. It may also provide ways to include constituents who don’t work the for the company reporting the hazard, such as a ramp operations or a fuel contractor, where there is no direct way to address the issue internally.

As an example of this, assume that a crew is taxiing to park at the gate and someone is driving a fuel truck outside of the road and at a higher than normal speed and it causes a hazard to the aircraft pulling into the gate. This doesn’t necessarily fall under the operator inclusion for ASAP (though it certainly could in some cases), but is a hazard that needs to be identified and addressed.