Question

Question 2 (15 Marks) a) Write the four-step process that Mangers are usually follow while making a decision. Explain each step with example. (4)

b) Differentiate between Routine report and Non-Routine report. Explain with example. (3)

c) Explain with example how dynamic analysis is different from static analysis. (3)

d) On the basis of the following neural network diagram, calculate the Transformation (Transfer) Function (YT ) and Summation function (Y). (5)

Where X1=2, X2= 3, X3=1; W1=0.2, W2= 0.6, W3= 0.3;

w W: Y Processing element (PE) Y- w

Answer 1

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ANSWERS :

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=> Answer a :-

The four steps in decision making process are :-

1) Describing Situation

Before you can take any decisions the first step is to understand the situation you are in and collect as much information as possible about the situation so that you can clearly describe it and pass on right information to the decision makers dor handeling the situation informly. ex - If there is a protest of workers then first step would be to collect information about what are their demands and who is the leader and how may employees are involved.

2) Listing Possibilities

Then comes exploring all the possible options we have i.e all possible ways available to deal with the problem in most efficient way based on all the information we got in the first step. ex - Next step would be to think about all the options that are available like agreeing to their demand etc.

3) Choosing Selection Criteria

Now comes the part where the management must decide a criteria or guidelines based on which they can select the best possible options, and it consists of various factors like what are the important points which could have greater effect on the outcome as compared to the others points which could be neglected.ex - Now a criteria is needed so that any decision taken or option chosen does not adversly effect the situation like getting them arrested would fuel the cause or maybe agreeing with the demand would result in huge loss for the company so guidelines have to be made such that matter is setteled with minmal loss.

4) Acting after Agreement

This is most important part of all, as it doesn't matter how much planning and reasearch you have done if you can't execute it efficiently its all in vain. So, the management have to decide upon a team comprises of all the skills requred to efficientky execute the plan.ex - In this step right team with right skill is to be deployed to make necessary negotiations and execute the settelement.

=> Answer b :-

-> Routine Report

It is report which summarizes the facts and information in details along with the suggessions which is presented at regular interval of time as a routine work. ex - The yearly report of an company which is presented by the secretary or sometimes by the Board of the Directors at the end of every financial year.

The copies of this report is also distributed among other members also.

-> Non-Routine Report

As the name suggest these reports are not presented routinely after every fixed interval of times.They are prepared and presented for any sepecial situations or conditions which needs to be addressed. ex - A report about any unexpected sudden loss in an company.

=> Answer c :-

-> Static Analysis

It does not involves any dynamic execution of the programm currently under test and have the ability to point out possible defects or errors in an early stage, before execution of the program.

It is done after completion of the coding part and prior the start of unit tests.

It can be carried out by a machine to “walk through” the source code without any guidence and detect any anamalies.

-> Dynamis Ananlysis

It is the process in which analysing the computer software is performed by executing programs built from that software. Dynamic software analysis tools sometimes require using the special libraries or maybe recompilation of the code.

=> Answer d :-

As given in the question the inputs given to this neural network are X1, X2 and X3 which are 2, 3 and 1 respectively and they have weights bias of W1, W2 and W3 i.e 0.2, 0.6 and 0.3 respectively.

So, the Summation Function Y would be,

-> Y = (X1*W1) + (X2*W2) + ........ + (Xn*Wn)

-> Y = (X1*W1) + (X2*W2) + (X3*W3)

-> Y = (2*0.2) + (3*0.6) + (1*0.3)

-> Y = 2.5

Now we will use the value of Y as input in Transformation Function.

So, now we will use sigmoid transformation function Y_T,

-> Y_{T =}

_-> Y_{T =
1-e-2.5}

-> Y_T = 0.945318

So, the value of Summation Function is Y = 2.5 and Transformation Function is Y_T = 0.945318.