Question

Question 2 (15 Marks) a) Write the four-step process that Mangers are usually follow while making a decision. Explain each step with example. b) Differentiate between Routine report and Non-Routine report. Explain with example. (3) c) Explain with example how dynamic analysis is different from static analysis. (3) d) On the basis of the following neural network diagram, calculate the Transformation (Transfer) Function (Y) and Summation function (Y). (5) Y Processing clement (PE) Where X =2, X2=3, X;=1; W=0.2, W = 0.6, W = 0.3;

Answer 1

a) Four-Step Decision Making Process:

The four-step decision making process as a unity of different stages is characterized by lots of dynamic interactions.

The Four-Step of Decision Making are as follows-

1. Describing Situation (What are the issues or problems?)-

First of all it is elementary to get familiar with the exact problem requiring a certain decision. The current situation needs to be described in order to provide as much (reliable!) information as possible to the decision makers.

The international crisis expanding from a financial to a worldwide economic crisis has weakened especially the automotive industry and their suppliers, like For this reason the group has imposed investment restrictions on all subsidiaries. In order to return to former strength/power several measures have already been taken, e. g. new management board, concepts of lean organization, new project-oriented structure of the entire organization - all supported by an external consulting company.

2. Listing Possibilities (What are the possible alternative actions?)-

The decision makers start searching for alternatives, preferably for those approximating the ideal. The most suitable and best promising alternatives being available and realizable/feasible within the defined schedule of the decision making process are to be discovered. As all alternatives are compared with the ideal, those which are the farthest away are removed from further consideration.

Beside “available” and “realizable” the word “possibilities” contains another condition - actions can only be serious alternatives, if they are “possible” (in the sense of “allowed” due to potential specifications).

3. Choosing Selection Criteria (What is important for the organization?)-

As already mentioned in the beginning - not only the action and/or alternative itself is relevant but also the selection criteria supporting oneself while asking: How should l/we choose?

By means of those “navigational guidelines” our decisions become more reliable and can be made with greater confidence and understanding.

4. Acting after Agreement -

Convert your decision into a plan or a sequence of activities. Execute your plan by yourself or with the help of subordinates.

In this final step, consider the results of your decision and evaluate whether or not it has resolved the need you identified in Step 1. If the decision has not met the identified need, you may want to repeat certain steps of the process to make a new decision. For example, you might want to gather more detailed or somewhat different information or explore additional alternatives.

b)Difference between routine report and non routine reports

1. Routine report-

A Routine Report is prepared and presented as a routine work and at a regular period of time. For example, the annual report of an association or a company which has to be prepared by the secretary or by the Board of Directors at the end of every financial year and copies have to be distributed among the members.

A routine report contains some facts or information either in detail or in a summarised form. It may also be of critical type containing some remark or opinion. For example, the auditor’s report on the final accounts of a company. Departmental managers or branch managers have to regularly submit routine reports to the higher authorities.

2. Non routine reports-

The need to write or read reports differs for everyone almost daily. As you carry out your work, you sometimes confront circumstances, make decisions, or take actions that deviate from your normal routine yet fall within your range of responsibility. These situations often require that you report your actions or decisions to upper-level management, your subordinates, or even to the public or stockholders. Those reports may be classified as nonroutine reports.

c. difference between dynamic analysis and static analysis -

Static analysis is performed in a non-runtime environment. Static application security testing is a testing process that looks at the application from the inside out. This test process is performed without executing the program, but rather by examining the source code, byte code or application binaries for signs of security vulnerabilities. In the static test process, the application data and control paths are modeled and then analyzed for security weaknesses. Static analysis is a test of the internal structure of the application, rather than functional testing. Dynamic analysis adopts the opposite approach and is executed while a program is in operation. Dynamic application security testing (DAST) looks at the application from the outside in — by examining it in its running state and trying to manipulate it in order to discover security vulnerabilities. The dynamic test simulates attacks against a web application and analyzes the application’s reactions, determining whether it is vulnerable. Having originated and evolved separately, static and dynamic analysis have, at times, been mistakenly viewed in opposition. There are, however, a number of strengths and weaknesses associated with both approaches to consider.