Question

Kindly answer the questions. Answer all of it if possible there's just some short answers. Thanks. PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF IT, IF NOT THEN LET OTHER REAL EXPERTS DO IT BECAUSE SOME EXPERTS EVEN DO THE WHOLE THING AND AN ESSAY ABOUT IT! IF NOT, THEN IGNORE THIS POST!

Pick 5/6 questions

Taste and Smell

1. Each of the 5 taste sensations can be explained from an evolutionary perspective. How is each of the 5 tastes important in keeping animals alive so that they can reproduce?

2. A. How much of the surface area of the nasal cavity is lined with olfactory epithelium? Describe the apical and basilar structure of olfactory receptor neurons.

B. What are Bowman’s glands and why are they important?

C. How does sensory transduction work in olfactory receptor neurons? How is the signal stopped?

3. Generally sensory receptors are activated by only one specific stimulus but this is not always true for olfactory neurons. Explain how this works using the example from the tutorial.

4. Explain how the importance of smell to survival is reflected in the DNA.

5. How is smell different than the other special senses?

6. How do the 5 taste receptors perform sensory transduction?

Answer 1

1. Each of the 5 taste sensations can be explained from an evolutionary perspective. How is each of the 5 tastes important in keeping animals alive so that they can reproduce?

There are not just five senses in a human body. A healthy human can sense its environment and its internal state through dozens of channels. Eyesight provides the most information to the brain per second and is the most important sense. The second most information-rich sense is hearing. Next up comes the sense of touch. But what is commonly called the sense of touch is actually a group of many independent senses including: hot, cold, pressure, pain, itching, and tingling. Each of these senses has its own receptor and therefore its own unique path to the brain, as explained in the textbook

there are actually three different types of pain senses: skin pain, joint pain, and organ pain. The sense of smell and taste are the other two common senses most people think of. The senses perhaps most valued by athletes are the senses of linear and angular accelerations, which are carried out by the inner ear. These senses are commonly known as "balance"

A The olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell. In humans, it measures 9 cm²(3 centimetres by 3 centimetres) and lies on the roof of the nasal cavity about 7 cm above and behind the nostrils

The olfactory receptor neurons are sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium. They are bipolar neurons and their apical poles express odorant receptors on non-motile cilia at the ends of the dendritic knob, which extend out into the airspace to interact with odorants. Odorant receptors bind odorants in the airspace, which are made soluble by the serous secretions from olfactory glands located in the lamina propria of the mucosa.The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons congregate to form the olfactory nerve (CN I). Once the axons pass through the cribriform plate, they terminate and synapse with the dendrites of mitral cells in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb.

B.Olfactory glands, also known as Bowman's glands, are a type of nasal gland situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons

C.

Olfactory receptor neurons are especially efficient at extracting a signal from chemosensory noise. Fluctuations in the cAMP concentration in an olfactory receptor neuron could, in theory, cause the receptor cell to be activated in the absence of odorants. Such nonspecific responses do not occur, however, because the cAMP-gated channels are blocked at the resting potential by the high Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations in mucus. To overcome this voltage-dependent block, several channels must be opened at once. This requirement ensures that olfactory receptor neurons fire only in response to stimulation by odorants. Moreover, changes in the odorant concentration change the latency of response, the duration of the response, and/or the firing frequency of individual neurons, each of which provides additional information about the environmental circumstances to the central stations in the system.

Finally, like other sensory receptors, olfactory neurons adapt in the continued presence of a stimulus. Adaptation is apparent subjectively as a decreased ability to identify or discriminate odors during prolonged exposure (e.g., decreased awareness of being in a “smoking” room at a hotel as the minutes pass). Physiologically, olfactory receptor neurons indicate adaptation by a reduced rate of action potentials in response to the continued presence of an odorant. Adaptation occurs because of: (1) increased Ca²⁺ binding by calmodulin, which decreases the sensitivity of the channel to cAMP; and (2) the extrusion of Ca²⁺ through the activation of Na⁺/Ca²⁺exchange proteins, which reduces the amplitude of the receptor potential.

I CAN SOLVE 4 questions only this is what we have been instructed to do for rest put your question again