Question

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1. Explain the difference between isotopes and biomarkers and how each can be used to identify characteristics of fossils. 2. Why do we see that each cell is only expressing a small fraction of the genes in it's genome at any given time? 3. Why can't natural selection alone drive dominant alleles to fixation within a population?

Answer 1

1. Answer:

Difference between isotopes and biomarkers are as follows;

• Biomarker also known as organic tracers. They are the standerd organic compounds that are important genetic evaluation of lipidic or bituminous organic matter, while isotopes are those same elements having different atomic number of neutrons are known as isotops.
• Biomarkers play essential roles in the biology of medicine. Biomarkers aid in disease prevension, early diagnosis, drug response and so on, while isotopes used for dating.

Role of isotopes in fossil studies: Radioactive isotopics such as U-235 and C-14 present in many organisms and rock. Mass spectrometer analysis tells about the amount and types of isotops found in rock. Scientists consider the proportion or ratio of isotope by parent to isotope by daughter. Through comparing this ratio to the parent isotope's half life logarithmic scale, they will determine the age of the rock fossil at question.

The differences in isotopic compositions used to detect the origin of organic compounds in environment either producer from different ecosystems.

.Role of biomarkers in fossil studies: Pristane, sterans and porphyrin are the example of biomarkers present in petrolium. Geologist and geochemists used to trace of it which found in crude oil and their associated rock source.