Explain why a phylogeny is a hypothesis
Explain why a phylogeny is a hypothesis
Homework Answers
Technically, the term 'phylogeny' refers to the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The terms 'phylogenetic tree' and 'evolutionary tree' are equivalent and refer to the tree-like structures that represent our hypotheses about that evolutionary history.
A phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships. The location and order of evolutionary history has unfolded. As with any other hypothesis, these hypothesis are tests: When new evidence is obtained we test our current phylogenetic trees, or our current inferences about evolutionary events, against this new evidence to see whether our previous hypotheses are consistent with the new findings. If so, the phylogenetic trees that we have constructed remain our working hypothesis; if they aren’t, we reevaluate and modify the tree given our new evidence. Allof science operates in this fashion, and the study of phylogeny, while focused on past events, is no different.
70.Explain how the phylogeny of Eukaryotes represents a polytomy between the supergroups. 71.Explain the relationship between...
70.Explain how the phylogeny of Eukaryotes represents a polytomy between the supergroups. 71.Explain the relationship between Horizontal Gene Transfer, the Web of Life and plastids+mitochondria. 72.Explain why protist is a non-monophyletic term. Explain why algae is a non- monophyletic term. 73.What lineage underwent Tertiary endosymbiosis? 74.What are red tides? 75.What is a cause of bioluminescence in California? 76.What is diatomaceous earth, what supergroup is this related to? 77.Are most organisms in the Eukaryote super groups unicellular or multicellular? 78. Explain...
VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogeny shown in Figure 34.25, identify the sister group for (a)...
VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogeny shown in Figure 34.25, identify the sister group for (a) reptiles; (b) squamates; and (c) the clade that includes crocodilians and birds. Concept Check 34.6 Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear young. Identify at least five derived traits of primates. MAKE CONNECTIONS Develop a hypothesis to explain why the diversity of mammals increased in the Cenozoic. Your explanation should consider mammalian adaptations as well as factors such as mass...
How are the groupings of morphological phylogeny different or similar to molecular phylogeny?
How are the groupings of morphological phylogeny different or similar to molecular phylogeny?
Discuss phylogeny and taxonomy in relation to diet, morphology, and locomotion. Why do primates look so...
Discuss phylogeny and taxonomy in relation to diet, morphology, and locomotion. Why do primates look so different and why do they eat different things? Are there any trends between diet, morphology, and locomotion? If so, why might that be? (Hint: variation, speciation, and the forces of evolution.)
17) what is science ? Explain why is forming and testing hypothesis at the core of...
17) what is science ? Explain why is forming and testing hypothesis at the core of science? Hypothesis influences three other factors, what are they?
Do you believe that null hypothesis tests generate ethical and accurate results? Explain why or why...
Do you believe that null hypothesis tests generate ethical and accurate results? Explain why or why not. (this is a class on research methods.)
7. Consider the evolution of land plants. a. According to the phylogeny of land plants, pores...
7. Consider the evolution of land plants. a. According to the phylogeny of land plants, pores are an ancestral trait and stomata are derived. Explain why this is logical, in terms of the mutations that had to occur for these traits to evolve. (2 sentences max) (2 pts) b. Despite the advantages of stomata, Liverworts still thrive today and only have pores. Why? (2 sentences max) (2 pts)
Explain why the null hypothesis is rejected when the test value exceeds or is equal to...
Explain why the null hypothesis is rejected when the test value exceeds or is equal to the critical value
Phylogeny Activity 1 - Phylogeny of the Roundoids 000000 Allow us to introduce you to the...
Phylogeny
Activity 1 - Phylogeny of the Roundoids 000000 Allow us to introduce you to the Roundoids a group of species invented for your phylogenetic pleasurel The cartoons above represent a group of species for which you are trying to reconstruct phylogeny. Assume that the open circle (1) is the ancestral condition. Develop a character matrix for the roundoids on your worksheet and then use the matrix to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis (tree) for these taxa (sing, taxon) mapping the...
Explain what parsimony is and why it is preferred in comstructing phylogenetic trees. Under optimal conditions,...
Explain what parsimony is and why it is preferred in comstructing phylogenetic trees. Under optimal conditions, all the methods discussed [parsimony, maximum likelihood, neighbor joining akr bayesian inference reveal the true branching pattern of the phylogeny in question with accuracies appraoching 100%. However, real phylogenies are rarely inferred under ideal circumstances. Explain, using examples, why this is so.
70.Explain how the phylogeny of Eukaryotes represents a polytomy between the supergroups. 71.Explain the relationship between Horizontal Gene Transfer, the Web of Life and plastids+mitochondria. 72.Explain why protist is a non-monophyletic term. Explain why algae is a non- monophyletic term. 73.What lineage underwent Tertiary endosymbiosis? 74.What are red tides? 75.What is a cause of bioluminescence in California? 76.What is diatomaceous earth, what supergroup is this related to? 77.Are most organisms in the Eukaryote super groups unicellular or multicellular? 78. Explain...
VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogeny shown in Figure 34.25, identify the sister group for (a) reptiles; (b) squamates; and (c) the clade that includes crocodilians and birds. Concept Check 34.6 Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear young. Identify at least five derived traits of primates. MAKE CONNECTIONS Develop a hypothesis to explain why the diversity of mammals increased in the Cenozoic. Your explanation should consider mammalian adaptations as well as factors such as mass...
7. Consider the evolution of land plants. a. According to the phylogeny of land plants, pores are an ancestral trait and stomata are derived. Explain why this is logical, in terms of the mutations that had to occur for these traits to evolve. (2 sentences max) (2 pts) b. Despite the advantages of stomata, Liverworts still thrive today and only have pores. Why? (2 sentences max) (2 pts)
Phylogeny
Activity 1 - Phylogeny of the Roundoids 000000 Allow us to introduce you to the Roundoids a group of species invented for your phylogenetic pleasurel The cartoons above represent a group of species for which you are trying to reconstruct phylogeny. Assume that the open circle (1) is the ancestral condition. Develop a character matrix for the roundoids on your worksheet and then use the matrix to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis (tree) for these taxa (sing, taxon) mapping the...
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