Question

Darwin’s work is considered the foundation of the greatest “scientific revolution” in all of biology—and perhaps in all of science. What makes Darwin’s theory ‘revolutionary’? Be sure to describe the “paradigm shift” resulting from Darwin’s theory. (Hint: Think Kuhn’s concept of scientific revolution.)

Answer 1

In the year 1835, Charles Darwin stepped into Galapagos Island with his ship HMS Beagle.

V iola . Facts that influenced Darwin's thoughts perbait er The living and extinct org that Darwin observed in the flat plains of the Argentine Pampas and the Galapagos #island ils sowed the seeds of Darwin's views on evolution. The presence of hoatherius testified that a horse" had been among the ancient inhabitants of the South America The Spanish sellers reintroduced modern horse Equus . This was one of the first indications that species graduall became modified with time, and that not all species survived in through the ages. od Darwin collected the giant armadillos and sloths on an Argentine Pampa. He revealed that though they were extinct forms, they were constructed on the same basic plan as the armadillos small living and sloths of the same region. Living species have ancestors On t travelling from north south of S. America & Darwin observed that one sp. was replaced by similar but slightly diff. sp. In southern part ostrich was smaller and differently coloured than Rhea americanus (found in northern part). The Sp. was later named Phea darwing af species change not only with time nebo but also with geographical distance. net The Galapagos consists of and isolated cluster of rugged volcanic the islands in eastern Pacific on the ood niles equator about west of Ecuadon Spanish word for tortoise is galapago & Giant land dwelling tortoise (275 kg 183 cm long, 200-250 years age) o art rollored from island to island but basic resemblances not only each other but also to large tortoises on the adjacent mainland to S. America. of small black birds Darwin's finches) I diff. on a dands but closely related to each other. He concluded various linches were derived from an ancestral stock that had Mainland to the volcanic islands and had the longes under the diff. conditions of the undergone pre A single ancestral group can give rise to a hinda of Group small black A to the volcani that emigrated mainland from the sin islands. A individual varieties of species. several diff.

Darwin's Pangenesis Hypo ther's Me assumed that all the organs, perhaps all the cells, in the body of an animal produced miniatures of themselves. Miniatures I called gemules / pangenes were shed into bloodstream and carried to sex glands (testes, ovaries) where they were assembled to form ar cells. When fertilized egg undergo le martilag development, pangenes are respon- features of the new 'individuals. Entretante changes would produce modified organs, in turn modified that would transmit the change to the next generangled pangeres competition existed among all sp.. Darwin envisioned that stresole for existence might be the means by which the will adant son individuals survive and ill adjusted are eliminated. Perpetual scliction erusted in nature as natural selection. The conditions of the enironment prevent survival and reproduction of certain org. Some individuals leave more off spring than others.

exhit an E Darwin - Wallace Theory of Natural Selection 16 The change in species by the survival n of a an organismal type natural variation that gives it an on adaptive advantage environment, thus leading to a new environmental Guilibriurn, is evolution by natúral selection.com at No. of each sp. remains fairly constant under natural econditions, it must be assumed that most of the off springs in each generation perish id of all the off springs lived, they would soon crowd all other sp. on Earth I struggle for existence. Survival of the fittest Inheritance of the mutations or recombinations that make for E success in the struggle for existence. Farth. Due esistence as

Paradigm Shift

Thomas Kuhn (1922 - 1966) in his eminent book • The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) fundamentally argues that science does not process as a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions called o paradigm shifts? A paradigm is a specific theoretical orientation, based upon a particular epistemology and research methodology reflective of a particular scientific community at a particular time in history, goes periodic specific epistemology scientific

Paradigm Shift resulting from Darwin's Theory-

Charles Darwin first idealised the concept of natural adaptation, that is, species evolve and adapt based on the changes in their natural habitat.