Question

Which of the 10 reactions of glycolysis are (a) phosphorylations, (b) isomerizations, (c) oxidation-reductions, (d) dehydrations, and (e) carbon-carbon bond cleavages? (5 points)

Answer 1

Glycolysis :-
• Process of breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Phosphorylation :-
• Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.
Steps = 1, 3, 7 and 10.
• In steps 7 and 10, substrate level phosphorylation of ADP occurs.

Isomerization :-
Changing of molecule in its isomers.
Steps = 2 and 5.

Oxidation and reduction :-
• Oxidation is the process of loss of electrons whereas Reduction is the process of gain of electrons.
• In step 6 - oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and reduction of NAD+

Dehydration:-
• Loss of water molecule.
• In step 9 loss of water molecule from 2-Phosphogoycerate.

Cleavage :-
Breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
In step 4, carbon- carbon bonds of fructose-1,6-biphosphate broken.

Summary of glycolysis :-

GLYCOLYSIS > GLUCOSE ATP HEXOKINASE ADP GLUCOSE -6- PHOSPHATE PHOSPHO GLUCOISOMERASE FRUUTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ATP PHOSPHO CRUCTOKINASE ADP FRUCTOSE - 1,6-BIPHOSPHATE ( 4LDOLASE DIHYDROXY ACETONE GLYCERALDEHYDE -3- PloSPHATE PHOSPHATE TRIOSE PHOSPHATE NADHES ISOMERASE IT DEHYDROGENASE NADH+HTS 1,3-BIPHOSPHO GLYCERATE PHocPHo6L Сєвете APP H RINASE ATP A 3-PHOSPHO GLYCERATE @ PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE ENDLASE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE (10) ADP PYRUVATE KINASE ATPK PYRUVATE

Detailed explanation :-

STEPS OF GLYLLYSIS- STEM - PHOSPHORYLATION PHOSPHORYLATION of PHOSPHATE ADDED ON HEXOKINASE ENZYME, GLUCOSE 6th CARBON of GLUCOSE BY CHO4 ATP 0 H2-0 ADP PO? H OH mg+2 VOH HEXDKŁNASE он WbH GLUCOSE OH GLUCOSE -6- PHOSPHATE STEP-2 ISOMERIZATION > GLUCOSE - 6-PHOSPHATE CONVERTED INTO FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE BY PHOSPHOHEXOSE ISONERASE ENZYME. CH₂ - 0-8072 CH2-O-8072 mgt2 - CHOH 4 OH 04 ou 4 y GLUCOSE b- PHOSPHATE OH 4 FRUCTOSE --PHOSPHATE. STEP-3 - TPHOSPHORYLATION PHOSPHORYLATION of FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE CH 0-80² L . CH₂OH ATP ADD CHOPO 2 20 cmtopo-2/ 4 04 VH oy H NEWLY ADDED PHOSPHATE

STEP-4 - CLEAVAGE ] - CARBON- CARBON BOND CLEAVAGE - BY ALDOLASE ENZYME → CH₂=0-8072 O CH-0-P03 CH₂0-P03 QH C=0 + HH OH V VOH CH-04 CH₂-OH OM H Fructose - 1,6 - BI PHOSPHATE DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE CHOPO ² GLYCERAL DE HYDE - 3-PHOSPHATE STEP-5- ISOMERIZATION - CH2-OH! TR1OSE PHOSPHATE CEO IIOM£RASE H-C-04 - - CH₂ - 0 2002 DLHY DROXY ACETONE PHOSPHATE CH, 8 fo, GLYCERALDE HYDE - 3-PHOSPHATE KETONE GROUP LA CHANGED INTO ALDEHYDE GROUP. etEP-6 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION + om, a NAD i NADH+HT O-P-or 1 + HO-por нс-ен CH-OH C₂ O-Por2 CH₂0-10² 1,3-BIPHOSPHO GLYCERATE GLYCERALDEHYE - 3- PHOSPHATE WAD REDUCED TO NADH +47 OXIDATION OF GLYCERALDEHYDE - 3-PHOSPHATE,

STEP-7 PyoUPHORYLATION Phosphory ADP. ► SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION OF - P-0 + ATP + ADP HG-OH 빨00 1,3-BI PHOSPHO GLYCERATE. Нt-он CHOPO 3-PHOSPHO GLYCERATE STEP & SHIFT OF PHOSPHORYL GROUP OO не-он He 0-1022 CH₂ -o-Por2 ен, он 3-PHOSPHORYCERATE 2 PHOSPHO GLYCERATE -> PHOSPHO GLYCERATE MUTASE ENZYME USED. STEP 9 DEHYDRATION 7 w0 H2O 0 c-0-802 The-Opoz² ENOLASE HOLH₂ 2 PHOSPHOGLY CERATE. CH2 PHOSPHOENOL PYRNATE STEP - 10 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATLON - Once c-o-10² +ADP - + ATP CO CH2 CH2 PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE. PYRUVATE - PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP (ADENOSINE DI PHOSPHATE)