Question

7. (5 pts) Order the steps leading to glycogen breakdown resulting from the stimulation of liver cells by glucagon 1) Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) 2) CAMP levels rise 3) Phosphorylation of phosphorylase b 4) Phosphorylation of phosphorylase b kinase 5) Stimulation of adenyl cyclase

Answer 1

Q7.

Order of glycogenolysis

• Stimulation by adenyl cyclase
• cAMP levels rise
• Activation of protein kinase A (PKA)
• Phosphorylation of phosophorylase b kinase
• Phosphorylation of phosophorylase b

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proton motive force and ATP synthesis.

At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through series of electron carriers (shown above) in the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water.

This process is coupled to pumps hydrogen out of the matrix space into the intermembrane space.

•The proton gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase.

•As this happens, the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP.

*Energy from ETC is stored in a proton gradient, which then is used to make ATP