Question

a.Why is it important to learn about statistics? At the beginning of the course, predict how you might see statistics applied in the medical sciences?

b. Examine the four types of measurement scales. Give an example of where you might encounter each type.

2. Hi, I attached file here to answer the question. Please first one is just a sample answer. You need to answer the question on second assignment below the red line. Cite the source on APA professional format. See the sample paper, how to cite. Answer the given qustion on 200-250 word. This is Nursing class and you need to write or answer the question in nursing related, EBP, research and nursing process. As i said read the sample, so that you will have idea, how to write it. Choose the topic different then sample paper. thank you!

This is the sample paper, how to write.

The purpose for the study was to determine how to manage pressure ulcers in the long-term care. I myself had researched this article via my Great River Regional Library resources at the Saint Cloud Library online access, by using the databases search. I had several sites to look up articles, but I had used the academic premier section to look up and research articles found on pressure ulcers. In one article that I had researched was by Thomas, A. in Managing Pressure Ulcer Risk in Long-Term Care, there is an inadequate reimbursement funding by the state and federal. Pressure ulcers are costly to manage and neither Medicare or Medicaid will reimburse either. So for the long-term patients who have acquired a pressure ulcer, it comes out of the facilities budget to retrieve proper pressure-relieving equipment or supplies to either prevent pressure ulcers for who are at risk or for patients that already have acquired a pressure ulcer (2012). The facility should have documentation of the treatment that is required, if any dietary adjustments were made and if the pressure ulcer was communicated to the physician (Thomas, A., et. al., 2012). Limitations are because the provider can no longer justify is the person who had obtained the pressure ulcer was repositioned every two hours unless proven. Yes, the conclusion can be generalized to the public. The research found is that if all patients skin is well documented by healthcare providers it can defuse potential litigation earlier (Thomas, A., et. al., 2012). It is a good nursing practice to use good communication and learn and improve documentation for our patients so there is evidence to help back up any potential accusations made by the state surveyors, and this will help lessen cited deficient practice in facilities.

Reference

Thomas, A. (2012). Managing Pressure Ulcer Risk in Long-Term Care. Nursing Homes: Long-term Care Management, 51(9), 66.

Here is the question to do:

Select one article from your literature review. Critique this article by answering the following questions.

*What was the purpose of the research study?

What, where, with whom, and exactly how was the research done?

What design was used and what independent, dependent, and confounding variables were identified?

What method of data collection was used and how was it analyzed?

What limitations were described by the researcher? What additional limitations can be identified?

Can the conclusions from the sample be generalized to the population?

Finally, discuss the applicability of the research to your practice setting and the potential for using the findings.

Answer 1

Answer a :-

Importance to learn statistics

Statistics is the collection and interpretation of numerical information. This numerical information is called data. Statistics plays major role in various fields such as agriculture, animal population, astronomy, biology, census, chemistry, computer science, demography etc.

Learning statistics is important as it has many functions. The functions of statistics are as mentioned below

• Statistics presents facts in definite form:- The things are represented in their true form with the help of figures. The results given in numbers are more convincing than the results expressed on the basis of quality.
• Statistics provide precision to the facts:- Statistics helps in simplifying complex data to simple-to make them understandable.
• Statistics aids comparison:- Simplified data can be correlated as well as compared. The relationship between the two groups is best represented by certain mathematical quantities like average or coefficients etc. Comparison is one of the main functions of statistics.
• Statistics makes possible formulation and testing of hypothesis:- The statistical methods help in formulating and testing the hypothesis or a new theory.
• Statistics helps in forecasting:- With statistics, prediction of the future is possible. Thus proper course of action can be predicted for the phenomena. It therefore serves as a planning tool. Future is uncertain, but statistics helps in making correct estimation by taking and analyzing the various data of the part/group.

Statistics in medical science

Medical Statistics is a sub discipline of Statistics. It is the science of collecting and interpreting numerical information (data) in medical practice. The data is used by statistical methods to estimate the magnitude of associations and test hypotheses. It provides a way of organizing information on a wider and more formal basis than relying on the exchange of information informally and at personal level. It also takes into account the intrinsic variation expected in most biological processes. Medical Statistics, also known as Biostatistics include the study of human health and disease, with applications ranging from biomedical laboratory research, to clinical medicine, to health promotion, to national and global systems of health care.

Answer b:- Scales of measurement

Scales of measurement can be defined as ways in which variables/numbers are defined and categorized. The four scales of measurement that are commonly used in statistical analysis are -nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

• Nominal Scale:- This scale of measurement represents categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers. Example numbers on the back of a basketball jersey.
• Ordinal Scale:- This scale of measurement represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order. Example individuals competing in a contest may be fortunate to achieve first, second, or third place. Here the first, second, and third place represent ordinal data.
• Interval Scale:- This scale of measurement represents quantity and has equal units but for which zero represents simply an additional point of measurement. Example the Fahrenheit scale is a clear example of the interval scale of measurement. 60 degree Fahrenheit or -10 degrees Fahrenheit represent interval data.
• Ratio Scale:- This scale of measurement is similar to the interval scale as it also represents quantity and has equality of units. However, this scale has an absolute zero (no numbers exist below zero). Example physical measures will represent ratio data - height and weight. The length of a piece of wood in centimeters, there is quantity, equal units, and that measure cannot go below zero centimeters. A negative length is not possible in this scale of measurement.