Question

Describe the relationship between subjective wellbeing and the following topics: Physical health Mental health Work Intelligence Religion Race, ethnicity, and stigma

Answer 1

Subjective well-being (SWB) is a self-reported measure of well-being, usually obtained by a questionnaire. In 1984, Ed Diener developed a tripartite model of subjective well-being which describes how people perceive the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments.It posits "three distinct but often related components of wellbeing: regular positive effects, occasional negative results, and cognitive measures such as life satisfaction. Subjective well-being is important, according to Windle and Treuer (2008), because positive feelings and experiences create a variety of personal resources, i.e. physical, social, mental, and psychological, and they described SWB as a normal positive state of mind that encompasses the entire life experience and healthy happiness.

Relationship between physical health and subjective well being: Subjective well-being can use lifestyle habits as well as immune and cardiovascular systems to exert its effects on physical health. Happy people are happier, and they live longer, so persistent unhappiness can be a real danger to health.

Relationship between mental helath and subjective well being: The World Health Organization defines mental health as, "Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community." Not just the absence of mental disorder but to be able to deal with everyday life stressors. Strong mental wellbeing is affected by your behaviour-what you are doing. It goes on to state that good mental wellbeing is when: "You care for yourself and you care for yourself. You love yourself, you don't despise yourself. You take care of your physical health – eat well, sleep well, exercise and enjoy.

Relationship between mental helath and work: According to Diener's (2006) concept of SWB, if he is happy with his job and has numerous positive feelings and rare negative emotions, an employee has elevated work related SWB. Positive emotions are motivation, joy or satisfaction study experiences of workers at work.

Some positive types of work related to SWB: work commitment: it is described as "an enthusiastic, gratifying, work-related state of mind characterized by vigor, devotion, and absorption" (Schaufeil and Bakker, 2010). Its location in circumplex model resembles high rates of pleasure and stimulation at the upper right quadrant. Vigor means a high degree of commitment when working and persevering even in the face of challenges, determination means being good on the job and feeling a sense of excitement and eventually absorption means being completely focused on one's own work. Because of the positive attitude of employees towards themselves, workers are regaining their own positive feed in terms of gratitude, recognition and success.

Happiness at work: several researchers have related subjective wellbeing to the word happiness (Cropanzano and Wright, 1999; Easterlin, 2001; Sleigman, 2002; Lyubomirski, 2001). It refers to the high activation point as being happy, and some hat as being excited lower.

Job satisfaction: it is the most studied form of SWB related work and can be placedin the model's right lower quadrant, as it reflects a high level of pleasure and activation. Employees who are satisfied with their jobs experience a great deal of pleasure but may have limited energy and aspirations. Some negative forms of work related subjective well being are workaholism and burnout.

Relationship between intelligence and subjective well being:

Research shows that individuals who are high on emotional intelligence they, their subjective well being is better than those who scores low on EQ. The reason is individuals with high EQ are able to manage their emotions better as compared to those who are low on EQ. They are able to deal with daily stressors in a much betteer way as compared to those who score low on EQ. They can reason in a more effective way with negative expxeriences.

Relationship between race and subjective well being:

Cultural studies primarily explored mid-level SWB differences across a broad range of cultural proxies, including region, employment, wealth and other economic factors, as well as between individualistic and collectivistic societies. Of these differences other definitions are given including "tangible" services (e.g., food, shelter), individual characteristics (e.g. type of behavior and avoidance, personality characteristics), assessment biases (e.g. self-serving biases) and transmitted principles (mainly individualism and collectivism). In particular, there has been extensive analysis of the role of individualistic and collectivistic ideals in SWB-related thinking, feelings and behaviors (e.g., Fulmer et al., 2010; Oishi & Diener, 2001; Oishi, Krochik & Akimoto, 2010; Suh, 2007; Uchida & Kitayama, 2009); including, experiencing and communicating positive emotions (Eid & Diener, 2001), social support gaps (Oishi & Schimmack, 2010). And of positivity variations (Diener, Scollon, Oishi, Dzokoto, & Suh, 2000). For example, Dienerand Diener (1995) studied 31 countries and found that self-esteem in those classified as more collectivist (e.g. East Asian) than in those classified as more individualistic (e.g. European American) is less strongly associated with subjective well-being.

Relationship between religion and subjective well being:

Spirituality and religiosity were found to be strong predictors of subjective well-being, even though findings across studies are not completely consistent. A number of studies have found a positive relationship between spirituality as well as religiosity and life satisfaction about the cognitive aspect of SWB (Yoon and Lee, 2004).
To explain these results, it has been proposed that people who perceive greater contact and guidance from a higher force, that is, people who display high religious and spiritual engagement, appear to offer a more optimistic evaluation of their lives (Vishkin et al., 2016, 2019; Ramsay et al., 2019). For all the potential negative situations one may encounter, the feeling of being in harmony with a higher force, with others, and, in general, with life, provides an important way to retain a positive view of one's existence. Furthermore, religious and spiritual engagement can improve the lives of individuals by enhancing both internal (e.g., sense of self-worth) and social (e.g., sense of belonging to a network) capital (Lim and Putnam 2010).

Relationship between stigma and subjective well being:

Individuals diagnosed with mental illness are heavily discriminated against and experience serious effects associated with greater symptomatology and diminished rehabilitation by internalizing social stigma. The effects of prejudice on subjective well-being play a central role in both internalized shame and positive self-concept. Internalized shame contributes to the stated difference of negative and positive effects, while positive self-concept primarily leads to the explanation of positive impact shifts.