Question

In a well-written paragraph, describe the concepts of abstraction, encapsulation, information hiding, and formal interfaces. Describe how C++ classes and objects make use of these concepts. Include the role of access modifiers in your discussion.

Answer 1

Data Abstraction : It is a process of providing only the essential details to the outside world and hiding the internal details, i.e., representing only the essential details in the program. Data Abstraction is a programming technique that depends on the separation of the interface and implementation details of the program.

Encapsulation : It is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit. In OOPs, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulates them.

Information Hiding: It is the process of hiding the details of an object or function. The hiding of these details results in an abstraction, which reduces the external complexity and makes the object or function easier to use.

Interfaces : The C++ interfaces are implemented using abstract classes and these abstract classes should not be confused with data abstraction which is a concept of keeping implementation details separate from associated data.A class is made abstract by declaring at least one of its functions as pure virtual function.

Access modifiers: Access Modifiers or Access Specifiers in a class are used to set the accessibility of the class members. That is, it sets some restrictions on the class members not to get directly accessed by the outside functions. Eg public, private and protected

how C++ classes and objects make use of these concepts :-

• An abstraction can be achieved using classes. A class is used to group all the data members and member functions into a single unit by using the access specifiers. A class has the responsibility to determine which data member is to be visible outside and which is not.
• In C++ encapsulation can be implemented using Class and access modifiers
• The C++ interfaces are implemented using abstract classes
• Access modifiers are used to set the accessability of members in class.

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