Question

Outline the evolutionary history of humans since the most recent common ancestor with chimps. What are the major traits that distinguish us from chimps and our common ancestors? What environmental changes occurred? What dietary changes occurred? Locomotion, tools, and language?

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Answer 1

Answer:

The evolutionary history of humans since the most recent common ancestor with chimps is mainly with development of superior brain with higher intelligence & development of tool manufacturing skills for hunting. Newly derived traits are such as “enamel on the top of teeth” is useful to protect when eating hard meat as an evolutionary adaptation that widespread in the primates including both humans, chimpanzees later. Therefore, newer traits are more widespread in extant (living) species when compared to the ancestral traits such as postorbital plate which is separating temporal fossa and orbit for survival function as an older trait (more widespread). This process of evolution is mainly by anagensis in which traits are more complex over time. The major traits that distinguish us from chimps and our common ancestors are intelligence, development of teeth with reduced canines in modern humans and making tools for hunting are different traits exhibited compared to chimps. The major environmental changes occurred with temperature and it has increased compared to ancient period. The dietary changes have occurred with respect to consuming high vegetable rate in humans compared to consumption of animal meat, which was higher in ancient chimps & hominids.

The locomotion, tools and language have developed differentially in the modern humans compared to ancient chimps and hominids as explained below.

Superior intelligence produces superior disease resistance:

Archaic humans used widely controlled Fire 250,000 years ago, in order to produce fire. Hominins used baked clay, bones and charcoal. They widely used fire for cooking purpose these by eating food, which enabled them with more evolved nervous system and brain with improved social and physical activities. Finally intelligence, thinking, sexual habits all these process are improved.

Homo sapiens possess smaller eye brows compared to the above ancestral species. 2. Modern humans are taller and more gracile associated with falt face and protruding chin as well. 3. Homo sapiens possess considerably with more brain size compared H. neanderthalensis on average. Homo sapiens possess a high forehead, as well as flat face, and flat eye brows comape to Homo denisovans.

Archaic humans are more superior in intelligence compared to the modern humans and they are more resistant to virulent archaic infections because these are predominantly involved in genetic variations to produce meticulous cognitive capabilities in ancient humans. Infants who borned in the ancient period have better immunity capability to produce resistance against various archaic infections and mothers inherit their disease resistant genetic alleles to the infants so that the mortality rates are lesser when compared to the present modern humans. In ancient period, there was no industrialization, sewage and pollution to propagate communicable diseases so that there was no medium to spread infectious disease. Mothers of archaic origins have efficient cognitive abilities along with smarter brain to defend disease by choosing appropriate nutritious food material through various learning skills thereby production of more immune factors via breast milk (improves much resistance in infants) to feed their infants. These features are associated with eminent superior intelligence in early Homo sapiens to cause low mortality of rates of infants and mothers.

Ardipithecus ramidus is 4.4 millions years ago and it has locomotor organs with bipedal property. It possesses a grasping hallux along with big toe and these features are predominantly adaptations for locomotion in the trees. Their habitat is near to forest including lakes, swamps and springs associated woodlands and grasslands. Biological eand ecological adaptations include a better reproductive ability to sustain their race. They possess archaic features to lead their life along with predation.

They possess hard skeleton and possess reduced canine teeth. They usually communicated with Afar language. The brain size is smaller compared to apes and chimps and its size is about 300 and 350 cm3. The sexual dimorphism is mainly can be identified by the presence of upper canine teeth and males prominently possess larger and sharp upper teeth compared to females.

There are 4 distinctive methods of study of anthropology to unravel human life and human ancestral history.

1. Cultural approach

2. Biological approach

4. Applied scientific approach

5. Contemporary approach

These approaches to study human life as explained below.

The initial evidence of fire originated form the stone hearths and clay control of fire, including complex hearths, pits and kilns. These three arachiac humans used fire for their living purposes. 1. Homo erectus, 2. Homo sapiens; 3 Neanderthals

Humans may be descended from Neanderthals. The reason is that we have got DNA matching similarities with Neanderthals as we may belong to these ancestors.

Stone tool culture is the initial and primitive tool choppers to process the collected meat and food by H. habilis etc.

1. Hammering and producing flakes and further these are used to process & chop off the meat from the bone. Finally, they used to get marrow from the bone for additional proteinacious meat. This type of food processing is an ancestral feature that was developed by modern humans thereby their biceps muscles have evolved with much more adaptation.
2. A variety of techniques used mainly instruments such as awls, and axes to cut the meat, knives to isolate and process the food, other accessory scrapers, and cores are also widely used.

There is not a close correlation between hominid evolution and climate. There is much impact of environment on human evolution but not climate change or climate as extinct Hominds and modern Homo sapiens have evolved according to the genetic changes pertaining to their ancestors. They developed structural adaptations as per their requirement with the habitat as they are socially communicative, cultural adaptations, behavioral adaptations and hunting adaptations. These adaptations are crucial to selection pressure by the environment. Habitat on the earth including land that is suitable for the growth and survival of the Hominid species as they were perfectly showed adaptations to their environment by producing stronger teeth that made them sustained to the climate throughout the dry season. Once they are completely adapted, these teeth went extinct if climate change occurred.