Question

1. Characterize the following groups of chordates/vertebrates: Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Amphibians, Reptilia (include birds), and Mammalia (include monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians).  Include information about their unique structural features, reproduction cycle, and nutritional acquisition.

Answer 1

CHONDRICHTHYES

CHONDRICHTHYES o This group includes captilaginous fishes Ø The group members have streamlined from with helesocercal tail @ Members have cartilaginous skelton, lealbeayskin with placoid scales i destricted notochood. These fishes have well-developed jaws and paired fins for efficient swimming They are ectot hermie and the eggs with loogegalk- Reproduction cycle :- Most are vivapasons. The egas undesge meroblasti discoidal deavage. The 1o Festilization is criternal and the development is usually live birth but can through eggs. There is no parental care affer broth - Adult shook > eggs Shack Life Cycle) Youth shook Newboon a provlyapaanly

ACTINOPTERYGII

ACTINOPTERYGIL. They are Ray-finned fishes that occur o in in mamman many variant fooms There are other reported by says and have o the poresence of sulem bladdes is a cemique featuse that enables to maintaçin buoyancy as they move up water and also down Reproduction - The bexes are bepesate - and most of the speaes the female spawn eggs that are festilized externally typically the eggs are inse- minated by, or males: Eggs hatched and free swimming larvae will developed kg Reporduction Cycle-clownfish Adult Eggs adulto larval stage Aclimation Nesting The oval clase (Lifegile Tuvernele

AMPHIBIANS

AMPHIBIANS e Amphibians have theri, smooth, moist skw, some of them have fish like scales and none of them have claus and are eclothesmic- They have extemal gille and lungs. They can live both in water and as well as in land and have hebbed feet They can hear viboatiens mi goound Repoduction - They reproduce sexually with t either external or internal festili- nation. Amphibians attracts their mates by calls or scents and they donot produce awnichi eggs and so they reproduce in water. - Reproducho cycle reg.fbrag, redale Togg Chifelyile) Fooglet

Nubihion - Most of the amphibians they ... are carnivores and so eat small Vestebrates investebrates. and SOROS . . . .... ...... .....NOOOOOR S SONNES

REPTILIA

REPTILLA en They are boreeping , burrowing terrestrial animals to with scales on their body They are clotherms and found most of the warmer regions of woold. o their skin is day, rough and without any glands and had amniotic eggs. They respised by lungs and festilization is Reproduction - Reproduction is internal and covered with leathery Shells. Some Snakes give line both to well developed eggs tg: Salmandes lifecycle Terrestrial Arfult Egg anwatir a lifecycle - Aquatic lasa

AVES

AVES OR BIRDS Ő Endothermic with 4 chambared heaots; The bones are light weight and usually hollow e and have high calcified eggs. . Otheir fooe limbs are modified as wings · & Theis pelns are fused together. I Reponduchion - hepseduced by internal festilization, fesfilized ausing which the eggs. - Birds reproduce sexually and the sexes are I seperate Nutrition - Biods are Omnivosons, some reagle are carnivorous and some are herbivorous.

MAMMALIA

Monotremes

Marsupials

MARSUPIALS The muospials embayo remain inside their mother for only a few days or weeks. and the young crawl out of mother, up the fus on her belly. Reproduchon - Internal feshilisahon. There are viviparons and a gine biofl' to incompletely developed felises which mahune in mothy's pouch. Nabition - Most are animals Moles carnivo nous carnivores. are

Eutherians

RUTHERINS • They are placental mammals, they have special emborymic organ uteous Reproduction : - They are vivipasons. They give proth to young ones before the young are retain mutous for long periods o of development Nubition: They may be carnivorous, Omnivoraus og o hesbivorous animals.