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In literature, a standard measure is used to approximate the number of fibres of a whole muscle. a. What is this standard mea

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a. The standard measure used to approximate the number of fibres of a whole muscle is called Physiological Cross-Sectional Area (PCSA). The PCSA is the area of a slice that passes through all the fibres of a muscle.

b. The PCSA is calculated using the following formula :

PCSA (cm2) = muscle mass (g). cosine θ / ρ (gcm-3) x fibre length ( in cm)

Here, ρ represents muscle density and θ represents surface pennation angle.

c. With small and large values of PCSA, the maximum tetanic tension lowers and increases respectively. The force length curve has the same shape in both cases where the curve is shifted upward in case of a muscle with higher PCSA.

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