Question

what is the correct answer

1. Which of the following definitions would best describe asthma?

1. Pulmonary disease is characterized by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli.
2. Inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs that causes coughing.
3. Long-term inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by airflow obstruction and bronchospasms.
4. Inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the alveoli.
5. Inflammation of the larynx (voice box). Symptoms often include a hoarse voice and may include fever, cough, pain in the front of the neck, and trouble swallowing.
   
   2. The patient in the case study was administered a bronchodilator, such as Salbutamol. This drug functions as a short-acting β₂-adrenergic agonist in the respiratory system. In conditions of acute respiratory distress such as asthma, which of the following physiological effects would one expect following the administration of this drug
   1.Decreased airflow in the respiratory airway
   2.Decreased resistance in the respiratory airway
   3.Dilation of the trachea
   4.All of the above
   5.(a) and (c) only

3. When forceful exhalation is required, for example, when the elasticity of the lungs is reduced (as in emphysema), active exhalation is accomplished by several muscles. Which muscles are not involved in forceful exhalation?

1. rectus abdominis muscle
2. external and internal oblique muscles
3. internal intercostal muscles
4. external intercostal muscles
5. transverse abdominis muscle

4. Put the following structures in order:

1. bronchiole
2. larynx
3. bronchi
4. respiratory bronchiole
5. trachea
6. alveoli
7. pharynx

1. 2-7-5-3-1-4-6
2. 7-2-5-3-1-4-6
3. 7-2-3-5-1-4-6

Answer 1

Ans)

long term inflammatory disease of the lung characterised by airflow obstruction and bronchospasm.

Asthma does not affect alveoli. Alveoli are weekend or enlarged in emphysema so option A is emphysema. Option d is laryngitis. Laryngitis causes inflammation of laynx with hoarseness of voice and symptoms of inflammation.

Asthma occurs as a result of any allergic manifestation or hypersensitivity where the bronchi constrict to prevent entry of any allergen. The bronchial muscles go into spasms.

2) decreased airway resistance of the respiratory airway

Salbutamol is a B2 short acting adrenergic drug. It a stimulates the sympathetic system and causes bronchodilation. Acts on beta 2 receptors on the surface of airway muscles, increases sympathetic tone of smooth muscles, in turn reducing airway resistance and increasing respiratory air flow to lungs.

Option c is wrong since its said to dilate bronchi and not trachea and option A is wrong as it increases the respiratory airflow and not decreases.

3) external intercostal muscles.

External intercostal muscles are used for forced inhalation. In forced exhalation the internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoaric volume by lowering rib cage while the abdominal muscles and obliques helps the thoracic cavity to contract

4)7- 2-5-3-1-4-6

The order is

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli from the upper respiratory tract to the lower respiratory tract.

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