Question

Kidney's are the body's natural defense against acidosis. The proximal tubes produce NH3 to counter the effects of hydrogen ions by removing them from the blood stream to form NH4+. Your device initially contains IL of culture media at a pH of 7.36. You decided to add 300 mg of Vitamin C to your culture media for your microfluidic "kidney-on-chip" device. How many moles of NH3 must your proximal tubular epithelial cells produce to maintain a pH of 7.2 after the addition of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)? The pKa of NH4+ is 9.252. You can assume there is no NH3 initially in your media and that there is no other buffer in the system. The initial concentration of NH4+ in the system is 50 ug/100mL. The pKA of Vitamin C is 4.12

Answer 1

2 feest maty Animats) - - They lien er environment with an osmolarity of so moomlet which their body fluid hown as correntato of 200-zoomosmalte Osmotie gradient favours continous possnel entry. of water into animal body through endosmoss. protozoars like Amoeba and paramecium havn contactish vacuoles. to thow out eness wats. - most of flush mats aquatics excute large. volum of diluted min. feush mats animals do not drink water. - pusenu of Imprimabh coversy our the body 3- manim, Animals - Sochta al testes - They am faend with exosmosis sa maty tras an asmalanity of 1000 mosmet against a body osmolarity of 300 mormlet in most animals. se ross of water acers through puisie porneash wat senface like gili membrans. casal and anal memboon #kidmys function! - - Exce Hom - maintenam of water balanes - Regulation of pH of salt content " " blood pressurs - volume Elimation of excuss solubh substana fluid honoistasin - secention of evenin, TTTTTTT

# Bowman's capsule. - . It is blind cup-shaped end of winferon tubut which has a double wall of thin walled flattened cell supperted over basment membrane. - this capsuch leads into a shaut and narrow neck - which is lind by come-shaped cells with brush boodre, (microwilli) microvilli incenase the senface ana - Action Absorphen seen in case of glucon, amino acid, vitamin c.ca²t, kt (75%) and Nat1707) passine. absorption ouers en cast of water, cr, Hco₃ (90%) and soon other anion (sulphate Nitrate). - 75% af filtrate is absorbed - The remaining is however, isotonic with blood - son maiste waste product pensent in the blood. 1 of peritubular capillaris pass into lumen of per through tubular scontion cenoss the intestinal flaud ut This phenomena is calls tubular secution - HI, NH₃ drug toxic substance #loop of Henter and to - U-shaped tabulas part or hair pfs loop that lies in the ennal medulla – Discending limb of loop henh in permabh to wats but not to salt. de - In the enna undulla, the interstitial fund has a high concentration. lit lounge bed when The Pilbate comes to have righ Noel conenhale

The ascending timb of loup of her asmor a lot of Noel, first through passim diff in the thin segment and secondly through actius, tasbart Rr the thick segmert. - Lou passes Pnto dietal convoluted tubh (OCT). peresit en ennal cortex it is surrounded by punitubular capillaris. ~ Tubules sweation is the only much of excutien in marim fish and desert amplitiam. - Tm imp. compout of tubules surtion on humans am una mic, acid, trippune acid o cucation, ammonia, extra salt, KT, HT ele - pH is maintaind by differential suntien of Ht. best pons and ammonia and enabsorption of Nat & Hoo - OCT is lind by columnar eilt without brush bender, som ells conterin dins contert and constitute mecula, densa . They seente a chemical cumin in enssponse to exeuss loss of Natt im Dudel bolet * Urine: - An adult humans produes about us (1.0-1.0 of wein/day. not be nolum depends upon intake of flid, external empration and physical tetivity in praction is acisie (ang 6.0pH), but comm alkalin on stondicy, 4.5 8.2 pH.

maty Balance by IT T 1 - Terrestrial Animals: - - Thay an pron to evaporation disiccation. - Disication from outs serson is minimised by waxy coating, shell land snail), Keratinind drad ell layers. ne over skin - loss of 124. of body wat in fatal to human beings. water lors to compensated by drinking and eating moist foods Disert mammals minimise maty loss by using intabolic mats, nasal courts curent mecharam. During period of non-availability of water, camels do not produce mim, star wha in tissus, and depend upon metabolic mater only. eill can be distcated upto soy, when watery availabh cants unhydrate themselves by dzintary, up large quantity of mats, soet in lonin dj water balean in kangaroo Rat and Human ml/dent T Kangaroo Rat Hinnan water Gain Drinkingen O 150060%) Ingested in food 6(104) 750130x) metabolic matr. 54 (964)=60(100%). 250(107)-25001 myy water loss. Evaporation $3.9(734) 900 (367) Urim 13.5 (234) 1500(box) faeus. 276( 9%) =60(100%) iro (4%) =2500ftir