Question

QUESTION 4 5 points Save Answer What is the best way to know that the bread you are buying is a whole-grain bread? Another customer says so. Bread is brown in color Any ingredient includes the word "whole" The label says "100% wheat." The bread tastes "grainy." QUESTION 5 5 points Save Answer Water-soluble vitamins are stored in body tissues to a large extent are easily excreted in the urine. dissolve in body fluids but not in cooking water are not damaged by high temperatures or oxygen exposure often result in toxicities among infants and children

Answer 1

4) Answer. d

The best way to know that the bread you are buying is whole grain is to look for labeled ingredients on the pack. The pack labeled as 100% wheat is most reliable. Labels such as 'Whole grain" can be misleading as it may contain white refined flour, and /or other types of grain such as brown rice, oats, etc. Just the brown color or grainy bread can also be misleading because it may contain additional white refined flour, bran, wheat germ flour, etc. which can be avoided by checking the ingredients printed on the pack.

5) Answer. b

Water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted from the body via urine. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed by the small intestine, metabolized and any excess is excreted in urine. Eg. Vitamin-B complex and Vitamin-C. These vitamins do not get accumulated in the body and are replenished by the daily diet. Water-soluble Vitamins are quickly degraded by high temperature or oxygen exposure by losing its stability and potency. They get rapidly dissolved in the hot boiling/cooing water and get degraded . They get oxidized when exposed to the oxygen.

6) Answer. a

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body needs them. Eg. Vitamin A, D,E, and K. These vitamins are fat- soluble vitamins get absorbed in the small intestine by the help of micelles by the help of pancreatic enzymes and bile enzymes. After absorption by the intestinal cells, the fat-soluble vitamins are exported into lymph and then are carries into the bloodstream. Unlike Water-soluble vitamins, they do not get directly absorbed into the bloodstream.Water-soluble vitamins do not get accumulated and any excess is excreted rapidly hence they can not build Upto toxic levels. Water-soluble vitamins need to be replenished by daily diet whereas fat- soluble vitamins get stored in the liver and fatty tissues for long period of time. Hence, fat- soluble vitamins do not require frequent replenishment because its excess can lead to toxicity.

7) Answer c

Food allergy involves immune reaction against the certain food which leads to IgE response against the food antigens. It leads to symptoms such as airway inflammation, allergic rhinitis, etc and severe anaphylaxis.

Food tolerance is just a chemical reaction in the gastrointestinal tract causing nausea, bloating and stomach ache for few hours. It does not involve immune response.

8) Answer. b

Duodenal ulcers develops in the initial part of the small intestine, Duodenum. It is caused by the stomach acids which degrade the mucosa layer on the Duodenum causing inflammation and sores. It can occur due to the dysfunction of pylori sphincter between stomach and small intestine.

Gastroesophageal sphincter is present at the junction of esophagus and stomach, is responsible for passing the food material from the esophagus to the stomach during peristaltic swallowing. It also act as a barrier to prevent to the gastric content reflux during the relax period between swallowing.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or also known as heart burn is disorder in which the gastroesophageal sphicter is unable to seal the junction between esophagus and  the stomach during the relax period which leads to the gastric reflux allowing digestive juices to enter the esophagus causing irritation and burning sensations.

Barret's esophagus is a disorder which leads to abnormal lining of the lower esophagus mostly caused due to chronic Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Chronic injury due to GERD leads to squamous mucosa o f the lower esophagus to abnormally transform into columnar epithelium.