Question

QUESTION 1 Which of the following is NOT a product of the Citric Acid Cycle? O Citric acid O CO2 O NADH O FADH2 O All of the above are products

Answer 1

1.All of the above are products of the Citric acid cycle.

Citric acid cycle aslo known as Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is found in all aerobic organisms for the production of energy from the food. In this cycle the acetyl co-enzyme A is oxidised into ATP and carbon dioxide. In this cycle the acetyl co-A gives rise to citric acid which is first consumed and regenerated by a series of reactions to complete the citric acid cycle. Also the NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this cycle which is used in the oxidative phosphorylation process in later. While converting succinate to fumarate the FAD also get reduced to FADH₂ in this cycle.

2. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle both produces ATP and NADH and shares this common property.

The Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of NADH and ATP each along with 2 molecules of water and pyruvic acid each as its end product, while the TCA cycle produces 3 molecules of NADH and one molecule of ATP in the form of GTP(Guanosine Tri Phosphate) along with 2 molecules of FADH₂ as its end product.

Giu-ray (1) Glucophospha (1) Glycolysis Virtualidtudent.com Fru -B-phosphate (1) Fructose-1.6-bisphosphate (1) Gya y de-3-phosphate (1) + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (1) 1,3-bphosproglyon (2) Energy Yield of Glycolysis 3-phosphogyota (2) 2 ATP 2 NADH 2.phospholycerat (2) Phosphoenopyruvate (2) Pyruvate (2)

( Study both the above given images to get concrete knowledge about the Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle processes)

3. Inhibition of ATCase by CTP by binding of CTP to ATCase is most likely an example of both allosteric and end product inhibition.

ATCase catalyses the production of Pyrimidines. Also in this process ATCase catalyzes production of pyrimidine nucleotides like cytidine triphosphate (CTP) which is the end product of this pathway and also the CTP controlls the catalysation rate of ATCase. It is seen that when the amount of CTP is less the activit of ATCase is much more active, but when the amount of CTP increases the rate of catalysation of ATCase decreases considerably. The CTP is the end-product of the ATCase catalysing pathway and it inhibits the ATCase as we have discussed above. So the pathway i which the end product inhibits the first enzyme of that pathway, that type of inhibition  is known as feedback inhibition or end-product inhibition which is done by CTP here.

It is seen that the structure of CTP is different from the structure of the substrates resulting from this pathway, but it inhibits the activity of ATCase as we have seen. Hence it is must binding to some special site other than the sites to which the other substrate molecules binds (active site) and those specially structures sites are known as allosteric site. To these allosteric sites of ATCase the CTP molecules binds and inhibits their action and hence re also called as allosteric inhibition.

4. The reaction given in the reaction is an oxidation reaction as a oxygen is added to the reactant molecule in the reaction.

As the reaction in which there is addition of Oxygen or removal of Hydrogen takes place those reaction are known as oxidation reaction hence the above reaction can be concluded as oxidation reaction.

5. The extra energy generated from exergonic reaction after being get used in the endergonic reaction is released as heat which generally maintains the body temperature or helps in the process of thermoregulation process. Generally the ATPs are broken down to provide energy in the exergonic reaction and the endergonic reaction uses that energy.

9. Both Glucose and ATP are the reactants of the first reaction of Glycolysis.

Glycolysis is the first and common process for both aerobic and anaerobic reaction. In the first step of glycolysis the glucose is broken down into Glucose-6-phosphate by the use of ATP. It is also known as phosphorylation of glucose done by hexokinases.

7.

It would increase the production of glucose so that the production of energy will be more by breaking down of glucose and the person will feel energetic.