Question

• Describe the pathogenesis (properties) of the microbes that cause: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, leptospirosis (weil's disease), gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV),syphilis

Answer 1

1. Urethritis is caused by Nongonococcal urethritis. Chemical irritants or the spread of infection from other parts of the urinary tract may also cause urethritis. Urethritis can also be caused by trauma, such as caused by the introduction of foreign bodies into the urethra. The onset of urethritis is accompanied by the discharge of yellow or green fluid.

2. Most cases of cystitis are caused by a type of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The exact cause of interstitial cystitis isn't known, but it's likely that many factors contribute. For instance, people with interstitial cystitis may also have a defect in the protective lining (epithelium) of the bladder. A leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate your bladder wall.

3. The main cause of acute pyelonephritis is gram-negative bacteria, the most common being Escherichia coli. Acute pyelonephritis results from bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma. Bacteria usually reach the kidney by ascending from the lower urinary tract. ... The development of infection is influenced by bacterial factors and host factors. Bacteria may also reach the kidney via the bloodstream.

4. Leptospirosis is a neglected tropical zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Infected reservoir animals, typically mice and rats, are asymptomatic, carry the pathogen in their renal tubules, and shed pathogenic spirochetes in their urine, contaminating the environment.

5. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that causes mucosal surface infections of male and female reproductive tracts, pharynx, rectum, and conjunctiva. Additionally, the resolution of infection can produce new adhesions between internal tissues, which can tear and reform, producing chronic pelvic pain.

6. The most common cause of NGU is chlamydia. C. trachomatis typically infects columnar epithelial cells at mucosal sites. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is an inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrheal infection. The symptoms of urethritis can include pain or a burning sensation upon urination (dysuria), a white/cloudy discharge and a feeling that one needs to pass urine frequently. For men, the signs and symptoms are discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching, irritation, or tenderness.

7. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is an uncommon sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. LGV is a subtype of genital ulcer diseases that include other STDs, such as HSV-2, syphilis, and chancroid. This condition is characterized by self-limited genital papules or ulcers followed by painful inguinal and/or femoral lymphadenopathy, which may be the only clinical manifestation at presentation.

8. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The primary lesion develops 2 to 10 weeks after infection as an indurated swelling at the site of infection. The surface necroses to yield a hard-based ulcerated lesion, termed the chance, which is teeming with spirochetes and is highly infectious.