Question

Part A - The Vocabulary of Protein Protein is involved in a wide range of important body functions, so adequate intake of it is essential While low protein intake can cause malnutrition and certain health conditions, too much protein can cause health problems as well Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. ► View Available Hint(s) Reset Help hormones 1. Proteins called aid the immune system in its fight against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substance by binding to them and helping to inactivate or destroy them. antibodies marasmus direct activity in the body and can be made of proteins or lipids. kidney stones 3. A high-protein diet can increase the risk of kwashiorkor carry many substances through the blood or allow movement of substances in and out of cells. protein-energy malnutrition transport proteins 5. Inadequate intake of protein and/or calories is known as coenzymes 6. Most enzymes are proteins, but some may utilize in the form of vitamins to help with reactions. buffers 7. Proteins help control the acid-base balance in the body by acting as is a severe deficiency of dietary protein, resulting in swelling in the feet, legs, and stomach among other symptoms.

Answer 1

ANSWERS:

1. Proteins called ANTIBODIES aid the immune system in its fight against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substance by binding to them and helping to inactivate or destroy them.

• Antibodies are proteins that are synthesized by an animal in response to the presence of a foreign substance in our body, called antigens. antigens include bacteria, viruses or other pathogens, foreign substances e.t.c. They play an important role in the immune system. Antibodies are created by B cells.

2. HORMONES direct activity in the body and can be made of proteins or lipids

• Hormones are chemical substances that affect the activity of another part of the body known as target site. They are secreted by endocrine glands. Hormones are of three types. Peptide hormones made of chains of amino acids, Steroid hormones derived from lipids and amine hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine.

3. A high protein diet can increase the risk of KIDNEY STONES

• Eating too much of proteins especially animal protein increase the level of uric acid in the blood which could lead to the formation of kidney stones.

4. TRANSPORT PROTEINS carry many substances through the blood or allow movement of substances in and out of the cell.

• Transport proteins are proteins that transport substances across biological membranes. They form channels or carrying mechanism and allow the passage of a substrate from one side of the membrane to the other side.

5. Inadequate intake of protein and/or calories is known as PROTEIN – ENERGY MALNUTRITION.

• Protein-energy malnutrition is defined as the rage of pathological conditions arising as a result of the lack of dietary proteins and/or energy in appropriate proportions. Two Protein-energy malnutrition diseases are Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

6. Most enzymes are proteins, but some may utilize COENZYMES in the form of vitamins to help with the reactions.

• Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions without changing themselves. they often require co-factors to function. Non- protein organic co-factors are called co-enzymes. Most co-enzymes are vitamins or derived from vitamins.

7. Proteins help control the acid-base balance in the body by acting as BUFFERS.

• Buffers are molecules that can donate or accept protons to resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. It is important in biological systems as a means of maintaining a constant internal environment. Almost all proteins can function as buffers. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which contain Positively charged amino groups and negatively charged carboxyl groups. These charged molecules can bind with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions and thus function as buffers

8. KWASHIORKOR is a severe deficiency of dietary protein, resulting in the feet, legs, and stomach among other symptoms.

• Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease. It is a severe form of protein malnutrition. It is often characterized by edema or swelling in ankles, feet, and belly.