Question

Briefly research each of the following skeletal disorders, summarizing their cause, symptoms, and treatment:

a) Osteoporosis

b) Osteoarthritis

c) Rickets/osteomalacia

d) Skeletal dysplasia

What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

What is the difference between epiphysis and diaphysis?

What is the difference between endosteum and periosteum?

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

1. OSTEOPOROSIS:-

Causes: It may occur due to lower than normal bone mass or be caused due to various other reasons like alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism. It is caused due to imbalance in the bone resorption and bone formation.

Symptoms: It has no particular causing symptoms but fracturing or falling risks are some of the obervable symptoms

Treatment: Can be prevented by proper Vitamin D and Calcium containing nutrition, exercises or physical therapy

2. OSTEOARTHRITIS:-

Causes: It is the most common form of arthritis and is caused due to many reasons like congenital joint disorders or doing heavy physical work or insufficient self repair by joints.

Symptoms: Pain in the joints, stiffness, joint locking,enlargements of smaller bones like the finger bones etc.

Treatment: Medication for pain relieving or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, topical medicines, steroid or other joint injections, knee or joint replacements, physical exercises etc.

3. OSTEOMALACIA:-

Causes: Caused mostly due to Vitamin D insufficieny, other causes maybe low Calcium levels, low serum phosphate levels etc.

Symptoms: Diffuse joint and bone pain, muscle weakness , fatigue easily, Hypocalcemia, Weak and brittle bones, pelvic flattening etc.

Treatment: Daily dosage of sufficient amount of Vitamin D

4. SKELETAL DYSPLASIA:-

Causes: It is an inherited disease. Maybe caused by genetic mutations, mostly in children

Symptoms: Stubby fingers, duplication of fingers, missing ribs, fractured bones, joint pain, scoliosis, cognitive impairments etc.

Treatment: Growth hormone injections, physical exercises, medications or bracing. Some doctors recommend surgeries even.

1. RED BONE MARROW	YELLOW BONE MARROW
Occurs inside spongy bone and produces red blood cells and platelets, rich in blood supply	Occurs in compact bone, produces fat cells, bones and cartilages and very poor in blood supply
2. EPIPHYSIS	DIAPHYSIS
The end part of long bone that contains the red bone marrow, articulates with other bone forming joints	Central part of long bone that contains the yellow bone marrow and provides sites for attachment of the bones
3. ENDOSTEUM	PERIOSTEUM
A dense layer of vascular connective tissues that nourishes the compact bones and provides attachment sites for tendons	Connective tissues in the middle bone layer that is important for growth and remodelling of bones
4. AXIAL SKELETON	APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consists of the head and trunk of the vertebrates and contains almost 80 bones that supports the upright position of the body	Consists of bones that support the appendages and has 126 bones , helping in movement of the body