Homework Answers
The best explanation for the role of AMPK-
Activating catabolic pathways and inhibiting anabolic pathways will ultimately lead to higher consumption of ATP, which is important if the AMP levels are high in the cell.
AMPK plays a role in the cellular energy homeostasis.
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20 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that is activated by high levels of AMP...
QUESTION 4 The adenylate pool (ATP+ADP+AMP) for two cell types is shown below. Calculate the energy...
QUESTION 4 The adenylate pool (ATP+ADP+AMP) for two cell types is shown below. Calculate the energy charge of each and determine which is the more anabolic cell type. liver cells cancer cells ATP 3.4 mm 1.25 mm ADP 1.3 mm 0.35 mM AMP 0.3 mm 0.12 mm energy charge metabolic state 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 Less anabolic More anabolic QUESTION 5 Adenylate kinase is a ubiquitous en through B-phosphoryl transfer from aintain short term ATP pools during high...
12. An enzyme, phosphodiesterase, catalyzes the conversion of CAMP to AMP. Using the glycogen control diagram...
12. An enzyme, phosphodiesterase, catalyzes the conversion of CAMP to AMP. Using the glycogen control diagram handed out separately, predict whether activating phosphodiesterase in turn activates or deactivates each of the enzymes below: Deactivates Activates Enzyme phosphorylase kinase glycogen phosphorylase phosphoprotein phosphatase-1 glycogen synthase ロロロロ ロロロロ Thus, when phosphodiesterase is activated, glycogen degradation is glycogen synthesis is activated Odeactivated and O activated Odeactivated. Based on your answers above, which hormone most likely activates phosphodiesterase? Check all that apply. O insulin...
Drosopholia eye development is an example of cell differentiation directed by signal binding to a receptor...
Drosopholia eye development is an example of cell differentiation directed by signal binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). In this pathway, R7 photoreceptor development requires a receptor (SEV, sevenless), which is activated by binding to a plasma membrane bound signal (BOSS, bride-of-sevenless) displayed on the adjacent R8 cell Receptor activation leads to activation of RAS via two proteins, Drk (down- stream of receptor kinases) and Sos (son-of-sevenless). Activated RAS leads to activation of a phosphorylation cascade that activates the...
Which of the following statements about Huntington's is true? You can retry this question, the average...
Which of the following statements about Huntington's is true? You can retry this question, the average of your two answers is recorded. You should see feedback if you get a question wrong. O a. The mutated allele(s) has/have lost the function of keeping brain cells healthy, and is/are therefor a dominant disease O b. Huntington is a very rare and therfor recessive. c. Huntington strikes people after reproductive age and is therefor dominant. d. The mutated allele(s) has/have gained the...
A complex signaling pathway in yeast allows the cells to accumulate high concentrations of glycer...
A complex signaling pathway in yeast allows the cells to accumulate high concentrations of glycerol if they are exposed to high extracellular concentration of salt or glucose. The increased osmolarity of the extracellular medium activates Ras, which in turn activates adenylate cyclase. A second pathway, the HOG (high osmolarity glycerol) pathway activates the MAP kinase pathway. The target protein is the enzyme PFK2, which is activated by phosphorylation. (PFK2 produces an allosteric regulator that activates glycolysis, which ultimately produces glycerol.)...
1. You are interested in how cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) functions to affect learning and...
1. You are interested in how
cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) functions to affect
learning and memory, and you decide to study its function in the
brain. It is known that, in the cells you are studying, PKA works
via a signal transduction pathway like the one depicted in Figure
16-15. Furthermore, it is also known that activated PKA
phosphorylates the transcriptional regulator called Nerd that then
activates transcription of the gene Brainy. Which, if any
of the situations described...
In fat digestion, fats form micelles. Which of the following must happen prior to micelle formation?...
In fat digestion, fats form micelles. Which of the following must happen prior to micelle formation? (Select any/all that apply) O Lipases must cleave triacylglycerols O Bile salts must interact with fat ONone of given answers (i.e. all of the given answers must happen prior to micelle formation in fat digestion) Chylomicrons must form Which is a molecule with high phosphoryl transfer potential? (Select any/all that apply) ATP O 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate In general, oxidation releases energy and is associated...
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux...
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux through the citrate cycle when energy charge in the cell is lovw Oxaloacetate is required for mitochondrial shuttle systems, and therefore it makes sense to activate pyruvate carboxylase by ATP and inhibit it by malate. None of the answers are correct. The best way to balance the input of carbon into the citrate cycle is to regulate the production of citrate using vitamins like...
Question 10-12 10. During the mating process, yeast cells respond to pheromones secreted by other yeast...
Question 10-12
10. During the mating process, yeast cells respond to pheromones secreted by other yeast cells. These pheromones bind GPCRs on the surface of the responding cell and lead to the activation of proteins inside the cell. When a wild-type yeast cell senses the pheromone, its physiology changes in preparation for mating: the cell stops growing until it finds a mating partner. If yeast cells do not undergo the appropriate response after sensing a pheromone, they are considered sterile....
. Gleevec (Imatinib) inhibits protein kinase BCR-ABL, which is constitutively active in patients with Chronic Myelogenous...
. Gleevec (Imatinib) inhibits protein kinase BCR-ABL, which is
constitutively active in patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
(CML). The structure of Gleevec is shown below:
a) Based on our discussion in lecture and the structure above,
explain how the “lead” compound structure for Gleevec was designed
and how it led to the development a compound that could bind ABL
with higher affinity than ATP.
b) Using a broad kinase inhibition assay, you discover that
Gleevec inhibits another tyrosine kinase called...
QUESTION 4 The adenylate pool (ATP+ADP+AMP) for two cell types is shown below. Calculate the energy charge of each and determine which is the more anabolic cell type. liver cells cancer cells ATP 3.4 mm 1.25 mm ADP 1.3 mm 0.35 mM AMP 0.3 mm 0.12 mm energy charge metabolic state 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 Less anabolic More anabolic QUESTION 5 Adenylate kinase is a ubiquitous en through B-phosphoryl transfer from aintain short term ATP pools during high...
12. An enzyme, phosphodiesterase, catalyzes the conversion of CAMP to AMP. Using the glycogen control diagram handed out separately, predict whether activating phosphodiesterase in turn activates or deactivates each of the enzymes below: Deactivates Activates Enzyme phosphorylase kinase glycogen phosphorylase phosphoprotein phosphatase-1 glycogen synthase ロロロロ ロロロロ Thus, when phosphodiesterase is activated, glycogen degradation is glycogen synthesis is activated Odeactivated and O activated Odeactivated. Based on your answers above, which hormone most likely activates phosphodiesterase? Check all that apply. O insulin...
Drosopholia eye development is an example of cell differentiation directed by signal binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). In this pathway, R7 photoreceptor development requires a receptor (SEV, sevenless), which is activated by binding to a plasma membrane bound signal (BOSS, bride-of-sevenless) displayed on the adjacent R8 cell Receptor activation leads to activation of RAS via two proteins, Drk (down- stream of receptor kinases) and Sos (son-of-sevenless). Activated RAS leads to activation of a phosphorylation cascade that activates the...
Which of the following statements about Huntington's is true? You can retry this question, the average of your two answers is recorded. You should see feedback if you get a question wrong. O a. The mutated allele(s) has/have lost the function of keeping brain cells healthy, and is/are therefor a dominant disease O b. Huntington is a very rare and therfor recessive. c. Huntington strikes people after reproductive age and is therefor dominant. d. The mutated allele(s) has/have gained the...
1. You are interested in how
cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) functions to affect
learning and memory, and you decide to study its function in the
brain. It is known that, in the cells you are studying, PKA works
via a signal transduction pathway like the one depicted in Figure
16-15. Furthermore, it is also known that activated PKA
phosphorylates the transcriptional regulator called Nerd that then
activates transcription of the gene Brainy. Which, if any
of the situations described...
In fat digestion, fats form micelles. Which of the following must happen prior to micelle formation? (Select any/all that apply) O Lipases must cleave triacylglycerols O Bile salts must interact with fat ONone of given answers (i.e. all of the given answers must happen prior to micelle formation in fat digestion) Chylomicrons must form Which is a molecule with high phosphoryl transfer potential? (Select any/all that apply) ATP O 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate In general, oxidation releases energy and is associated...
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux through the citrate cycle when energy charge in the cell is lovw Oxaloacetate is required for mitochondrial shuttle systems, and therefore it makes sense to activate pyruvate carboxylase by ATP and inhibit it by malate. None of the answers are correct. The best way to balance the input of carbon into the citrate cycle is to regulate the production of citrate using vitamins like...
Question 10-12
10. During the mating process, yeast cells respond to pheromones secreted by other yeast cells. These pheromones bind GPCRs on the surface of the responding cell and lead to the activation of proteins inside the cell. When a wild-type yeast cell senses the pheromone, its physiology changes in preparation for mating: the cell stops growing until it finds a mating partner. If yeast cells do not undergo the appropriate response after sensing a pheromone, they are considered sterile....
. Gleevec (Imatinib) inhibits protein kinase BCR-ABL, which is
constitutively active in patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
(CML). The structure of Gleevec is shown below:
a) Based on our discussion in lecture and the structure above,
explain how the “lead” compound structure for Gleevec was designed
and how it led to the development a compound that could bind ABL
with higher affinity than ATP.
b) Using a broad kinase inhibition assay, you discover that
Gleevec inhibits another tyrosine kinase called...
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