Clarify if sporadic or familial cancers fit the Knudson’s Two hit hypothesis and why? I know it is sporadic but why?
The Knudson hypothesis, also known as the two-hit hypothesis, is the hypothesis that most tumor suppressor genes require both alleles to be inactivated, either through mutations or through epigenetic silencing, to cause a phenotypic change
Knudson performed a statistical analysis on cases of retinoblastoma, a tumor of the retina that occurs both as an inherited disease and sporadically. He noted that inherited retinoblastoma occurs at a younger age than the sporadic disease. In addition, the children with inherited retinoblastoma often developed the tumor in both eyes, suggesting an underlying predisposition.
Knudson suggested that two "hits" to DNA were necessary to cause the cancer. In the children with inherited retinoblastoma, the first mutation in what later came to be identified as the RB1 gene, was inherited, the second one acquired. In non-inherited retinoblastoma, instead two mutations, or "hits", had to take place before a tumor could develop, explaining the later onset.
It was later found that carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) depended both on the mutation of proto-oncogenes (genes that stimulate cell proliferation) and on the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which are genes that keep proliferation in check. Knudson's hypothesis refers specifically, however, to the heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes. An inactivation of both alleles is required, as a single functional tumor suppressor gene is usually sufficient. Some tumor suppressor genes have been found to be "dose-dependent" so that inhibition of one copy of the gene (either via genetic or epigenetic modification) may encourage a malignant phenotype, which is termed haploinsufficiency.
Clarify if sporadic or familial cancers fit the Knudson’s Two hit hypothesis and why? I know...
Explain why sporadic cancers better fit Knudson's Two hit hypothesis than familial cancers.
What is Knudson’s Two hit hypothesis? And what is the general message?
If I reject the null hypothesis of a Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, which of the following statement best summarizes my conclusion? There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the two variables are independent. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the two variables are associated. There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that my proposed distribution does not fit the population. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that my proposed distribution does not fit the population.
i am not getting why you are supposed to use cosine in this problem. please clarify 27. Two mus pull on the Achilles tendon as shown in Figure 9.37. What total force do they exert? cles in the back of the leg F2(200 N F,(200 N) 20% 20° Figure 9.37 The Achilles tendon of the posterior leg serves to attach plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles to calcaneus bone.
Question 3: . I In some breast cancers, the cancerous cells express the receptor for progesterone. Progesterone's structure is shown below. When progesterone is present, the progesterone receptor acts like a transcription factor and enhances the transcription of many genes, including c-myc. c-myc makes a protein that promotes cell division. Imagine that in some of these cancers the progesterone receptor has mutated so that it does not o require progesterone to bind to DNA. A. Is the progesterone receptor located...
I know the answer is wrong. Can anyone explain to me how to hit the target in the simplest way possible and how to decided on which plate? I underlined each answer I have to put in. Help True BASIC Gold Edition Beam: electrons L- 8.2 cm d-5.4 cm h. 2.2 cm 5.133 106 m/s y6.235 10*5 m/s (Enter X to exit to main menu.) Hit the target to earn 2 points. Enter accelerating voltage (Volts):75 ich plate should be...
I need to know what the hypothesis and reserach question were for the Nun Study by Dr. Snowdon.
I know the reactivity of carboxylic acid is acid halide > anhydride> ester > amide. "Recall that benzoyl chloride was slow to react with water, does this fit with the trend you just described? Why or why not?" So I think the answer to this statement should be it doesn't fit the trend. But could someone explain why?
Please do not respond with the hypothesis, I need to know how to graph this. GRAPH THIS HYPOTHESIS....... It is hypothesized that students who drink coffee in the morning will do better on a math exam ... It is hypothesized that students who drink coffee in the morning will do better on a math exam than students who either drink soda and take a math exam, drink coffee and take a psychology exam, or drink soda and take a psychology...
I know the answer is A, but I want to know why and how you would figure out this question.... which acid has the lowest pKa? a) HClO4 b)HBrO c) HClO d) HlO