Question

1. What are GMO's, how are they created? Describe the methods used to create and identify the GMO's (promoter, terminator, PCR, etc.). What is artificial selection? Describe how farmers use artificial selection to improve crops?3. The results of your experiment and a figure inserted with the

Answer 1

GMO- means Genetically Modified Organism.It can be defined as that organism in which their is change or alteration in the sequence of DNA by the process of genetic engineering.The desired traits thus introduced make modified organism with desirable characteristic of interest. GMO's are also known as transgenic oragainsms.

GMO can be created by following steps:-

Genetic engineering is the tool used to make GMO.

1. In the first step identification of gene of interest is done. In the process according to the needs of mrket and several environmental factors gene of interest is identified

2. In the second step isolation of specific gene of interest is done. Likewise if we want to make our plant resistant to drought conditions that gene is isolated from the plant.

3. In the third step the desired gene is inserted into new genome.DNA is cut at specific site and using vector or plasmid to incorpoarte the change either it is done by particle gun method in which gene is bombarded into host genome or by giviing electric shock.

4. In the fourth step growing of GMO is done in a controlled monitoring is done. This a very crucial step as it shows the specific gene targeted functions.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a most reliable method used in the GMO detection process. The main purpose of PCR is to isolate and amplify the fragments of DNA by making millons of targeted gene sequence copies.

In GMO DNA intiation starts from promoter gene which serve as a site of target for specific gene to be incorporated. When the whole process is done stop codons terminates the process.

In this method pairing of the targeted genetic sequence with complementary DNA called primers is done. In the presence of the target sequence, the primers match and initiate the process of amplification. DNA replication enzymes use the primers as docking points and start doubling the target sequences. The fragments are purified by gel electrophoreis method and these arfe free from contaminants. The process of detection is generally based on the complement of two DNA starnds. In PCR these sites serve important function in the detection of Gene targeted.