Question

List and describe all named blood vessels and pertinent structures that the red blood cell will pass through on its trip (arterioles, venules, and capillary beds can be handwaved); it is assumed to start from a small venule feeding directly to the brachial vein. Remember that the trips requires a visit through the pulmonary circuit before and after each of the four steps listed above the apex of the heart is reached through the coronary circulation). 7. An oxygen molecule passes from the environment into the blood through an individual's respiratory system. a) Describe the six regions that the molecule passes through, and notable structures, tissues, cells, and/or other substances it encounters/enters in those regions for a healthy individual. b) As a) above, except the individual has a runny nose and clogged nasal sinus, has emphysema, and is currently experiencing an asthma attack. Emphasize on the differences that exist in the respiratory system between the two individuals. (It is stipulated that individual B is still alive without medical treatment, as unlikely as the case may be.) 8. Discuss the components of innate and adaptive immunity, including a thorough review of their structures and functions. In addition, explain how autoimmune disorders and metastasizing cancers represent a failure of the two types of immunity, and reference the components previously described in this response as appropriate. 9. Review and discuss the components of the cardiovascular system that play a role in the body's defenses, as well as their endocrine-related regulatory mechanisms as necessary. (Hint: the heart and blood vessels generally do not have well-characterized body defense roles. Also, the question should address extracellular body defense components as well, not just cellular body defense components.)

Answer 1

Answer 7a:)

First, the air containing oxygen molecules enter the body through nostrils. Second, it moves to the lungs via the windpipe. Third, in the lungs, the air reaches the alveoli where oxygen molecules transfer to the blood. Fourth, the blood carries oxygen molecules to a tissue. Fifth, the oxygen molecules enter into the cells of the tissue via diffusion. Sixth, the cell leaves the oxygen molecule in the form of carbon dioxide to veins that carry this CO2 outside the body through the lungs.

Answer 7b:)

In emphysema, the person gets air in a larger air sac than in the normal person where air sacs divide into the small alveolus. This makes the patient to breath more than the normal person.

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