Question

18. What is the what is the overall function or goal of cellular respiration? (Write you answ Oxidation-reduction reactions meaning don't only define them but dernie answer how they are relevant) on? (Write you answer in terms of nt only define them but demonstrate in your 19. Identify the two reactants in the process of cellular respiration, identify their source for organisms, which step (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation, they are utilized and what their specific function is. 20. Identify the three products in the process of cellular respiration, identify at which step they are formed, and what molecule(s)/process they were formed from.

Answer 1

18) The goal of the process of cellular respiration is to provide energy to the living cell for carrying out metabolism.

Cellular respiration is also termed internal respiration. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is transported to all the cells of the body of the organism.

The deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in lungs through external respiration.

The oxygen in oxygenated blood is used in cellular respiration in which carbohydrates are broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

The energy released during this breakdown is used in the synthesis of ATP molecules with the help of oxygen present in hemoglobin molecule of blood.

ATP molecules are the store house of energy. These release energy whenever needed by the cell and get converted into ADP molecules.

ADP molecules thus formed are converted again into ATP molecules during cellular respiration.

ATP and ADP molecules are thus termed as currency of energy.

Overall equation for cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

19) The Process of Cellular Respiration-

Cellular respiration is the process of extracting energy in the form of ATP from the glucose in the food you eat. Oxygen and glucose are both reactants of cellular respiration. Oxygen enters the body when an organism breathes. Glucose enters the body when an organism eats.

The overall chemical reaction for cellular respiration is one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and six molecules of oxygen (O2) yields six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and six molecules of water (H2O). Using chemical symbols the equation is represented as follows:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

ATP is generated during the process

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process.

Glycolysis is the most fundamental system for sugar metabolism in the body. It contributes to the production of the energy currency ATP, as well as NADH, which is used to create ATP in the electron transfer system.

The citric cycle is a central driver of cellular respiration. It takes acetyl-CoA produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and originally derived from glucose—as its starting material and, in a series of redox reactions, harvests much of its bond energy in the form of NADH, FADH and ATP molecules. The reduced electron carriers—NADH, FADH2 generated in the TCA cycle will pass their electrons into the electron transport chain and, through oxidative phosphorylation, will generate most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration.

The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation.

20) During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, Which become NADH and FADH2 when they gain electrons.