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C) What is the color and shape of the yeast cells after Gram staining? Are yeast cells Gram positive or negative? D) Describe
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C) Yeast cells are Gram postive as it appears in purple color when observed after gram staining. Yeast appears as single cells containing buds and sometimes as hyphae (plant like branches) appears.

D)  The main principle behind Gram’s staining is that the primary violet stain color all the cells purple without considering the composition of cell wall. When iodine is added the cell wall turns to purple. As Yeast cells does not contain any lipid layer and after that when decolourization is performed using 95% alcohol and safranine is added no reaction occurs and they remain in purple color and gives a gram postive reaction. Unless in bacteria they have lipopolysaccharide layer. When the cell wall permeability increases during decolorization process all the crystal violet which was taken up by the cell releases out and is washed off. After addition of Safranine the lipid layer takes up the pink color and thus bactria appears to be gram negative by nature. Thus the basic difference in the pattern of yeast and bacteria in staining is because of lipid layer which is absent in yeast and is present in bacteria.

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