Question

On August 11, 2000, four young American climbers- Tommy Caldwell, Beth Rodden, Jason "Singer" Smith, and John Dickey-were forced down at gunpoint off a formation called the Yellow Wall, in the remote Ak Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan. (Caldwell and Rodden were a couple at the time.) Their captors were members of a militia called the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); they'd been led to the location by a Kyrgyz army soldier named Turat, who'd been patrolling the valleys in this alpine border region and knew where to find the climbers. The Americans were held hostage for six days, surviving on stream water, scraps of energy bars, and sheer grit. They were ferried around the mountains as the rebels-among them Abdul and Sharipov (Su-engaged in firefights with the Kyrgyz army. Question 1 As the Americans terrorists led them between the caves and creases of the mountains they would look back and see at night flashes of light coming consistently from machine guns when the Kyrgyz army would be able to engage. If the light of the firing the machine guns would be reaching the Off- Center Bipolar cells in Tommy's retina. Explain the 1. Signal and the Biochemical transduction process in his retina in details (Draw in the computer or print draw an upload your answer) (20 pts)

Answer 1

» Retina Bipolar cells receive inputs from a set of Photoreceptor cells that define the bipolar cell's receptive field. A The neuro-transmitter released from all Photo receptor cells is "glutamate." Light] Dark 1 Photo-receptor Photoreceptor & depolarised hyperpolarixd Glutamate) (less) (More)

The glutamate already released in more during darkness get decreased by the light from the machine gun. Here starts the photo transduction cascade.

In datackness. no Passing of sodiumions into the Photo receptor cells occurs. 10 € COM The ions channels are activated by I CGMP This keeps the cells in depolarised state makes continous depolansation glutamate ama In this state, when light falls, Opsin (a protein) absorbs light It activates transducin protein release (by rhodopsin) A SHOT ON OPPO