Question

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Chapter 21 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Glucose-6-phosphate Fruetose-6-phusphate Fruetase-1,6-hisphosphale Dibydrowy acetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldeltyde phosphate NAD NA 3 Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Bisphospbugli ocrate ADP 7 STAGE ATP Phosphugly cerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2- Thosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Plaasphaenolpyruvaie ADP ATP Pyruvate 21.5 A summary of the reactions of glycolysis. These reactions occur in the cell cytoplasm

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Answer 1

7. a. Answer is 3 irreversible reactions.

explanation: There are ten steps in the above pathway-Glycolytic pathway and the following are irreversible:

Step 1-phosphorylation of glucose

Step 3 -phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

Step 10 -transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP

answer b. They are significant because each irreversible reaction serve as control sites of the pathway and since these reactions result in energy production, many single organisms depend on this pathway for energy production.

c. In step 4, the aldehyde is Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and the ketone is Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

d.Dihydroxyacetone phosphate should be converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(GAP) because GAP is the only molecule that enters into the glycolysis controlled pathway from the step 6.

Explanation:As we know,Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. Ketones give rise to alcohols. In the case of dihydroxyacetone phosphate it is precursor for forming fructose and fructose can be reconverted to glucose. This does not yield ATP and so becomes a senseless reaction for the organism.

e.A Kinase enzyme is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them and this reaction is called phosphorylation. Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the original protein by any of the following

• Change in enzyme activity
• Cellular location
• Association with other proteins

f. 6 and 10 are substrate level phosphorylation reactions.