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Question 1: Will increasing marginal income tax rates cause all workers to work less? What does this depend on? Question 2: In competitive markets, how do employers who discriminate shoot themselves in the foot?
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1) Yes, this will lead to less work in most cases. But in some cases the income effect may dominate the substitution effect at high hours of work and this may increase the effort of the worker as he has to earn more to pay the higher marginal taxes. The marginal tax rate is a constant and this is a reason why this could lead to less work. Changing marginal tax rates will have stronger impacts than they would in simple tax system which is proportional. With increase in the margin all workers may not work less, only some will opt to work less. Some will work harder to earn more. But when tax rates are ut sometime, workers find leisure and earn more and hence may opt to work less.

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